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editor evangelist preacher author
James Robinson Graves was born on April 10, 1820, in Chester, Vermont. He was the youngest of the three children of Zuinglius Calvin and Lois (Schnell) Graves.
On the Graves side of the house he was mainly of French extraction, and on the Schnell side mainly German.
Graves's mother, left a widow when he was an infant, was able to give him only meager schooling.
At fifteen, Graves joined the Baptist church, and at nineteen went with his mother and sister to Ohio, whither they had been preceded by his brother Zuinglius Calvin Graves.
After two years as principal of the Kingsville Academy, he removed in search of a more healthful climate to Jessamine County, Kentucky. There he took charge of the Clear Creek Academy, and in constant gloomy selfdepreciation studied assiduously for four years with the view of fitting himself for the ministry.
In 1844, he was ordained, in 1845, he established himself in Nashville, Tennessee, as head of a classical and mathematical academy, and in 1846, he assumed the editorship of the weekly Tennessee Baptist, a position which involved his editing also a monthly, a quarterly, and an annual.
Indirectly it led to his establishing the Southwestern Publishing House (1848) and the Southern Baptist Sunday-School Union - both suspended by the Civil War - and after the war, to his establishing the Southern Baptist Publication Society.
He is also to be credited with inaugurating the first Ministers’ Institute among Tennessee Baptists and for procuring funds to launch the Mary Sharp College for women at Winchester, Tennessee.
Of the many doctrinal debates in which he took part, the one which occurred about 1875 at Carrollton, Missouri, is the most memorable.
Aolso, he published others of a religious character, and edited numerous theological works. About 1870, he left Nashville for Memphis.
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Beginning in 1850, Graves agitated the doctrine that Baptist ministers could not indorse the ordination of persons who did not regard immersion as a requisite for Christianity. This test, he maintained, was an “Old Landmark” of the Church.
The idea was taken up widely, and at last, becoming a “movement, ” seriously threatened Baptist unity.
In 1855, he published his Great Iron Wheel or Republicanism Backwards and Christianity Reversed, a series of letters which had shortly before appeared in his Nashville paper.
This book, comprising nearly six hundred pages of matter, addressed to Bishop Joshua Soule of the Methodist Church, is a truculent and dogmatic tirade against the Methodist denomination, but it accorded well with the ecclesiastical temper of that era, whether Baptist or Methodist.
The attack and the rebuttal it inspired, The Great Iron Wheel Examined, or its False Spokes Extracted and an Exhibition of Elder Graves, its Builder (1856), by W. G. Brownlow, sold in incredible numbers, the Graves book running to as many as 50, 000 copies.
The two of them offer what is perhaps the classic recorded example of sectarian asperity in the United States. A revised edition of Graves’s work, The New Great Iron Wheel (1884), is no less drastic.
Supported by a group of expert linguists, theologians, and polemics, he arrayed himself against Methodists in general and the Rev. Jacob Ditzler in particular in a debate which was published in 1, 175 pages as the Graves-Ditzler or Great Carrollton Debate (1876).
In 1883, he published what he considered his most important book, The Work of Christ in the Covenant of Redemption; Developed in Seven Dispensations, describing the pre-millennarial reign of Jesus, and showing how various days of the week may be thought of as typifying the various ages of history.
Among his activities there, in addition to his vocation of ministerial publisher and book-dealer, was a debate with a Methodist preacher in which he maintained that supernatural visitations are to be attributed to the vagaries of fallen angels.
As a minister, Graves was sufficiently eloquent to command the attention of a congregation throughout a three-and-a-half-hour sermon, and to convert before he was thirty years old some thirteen hundred people.
Graves was married three times: first, in 1845 to Florence Spencer, sister of his brother’s wife, and the second and third times to two daughters of Dr. George Snider of Mississippi, Lou and Georgie Snider.
1 May 1843 - 16 June 1932
19 August 1838 - November 1867
Died in March 1899.
5 July 1870 - 26 October 1960
