Background
James Hoban was born c. 1755 in Callan, Ireland. He was the son of Edward and Martha (Bayne) Hoban. As the parish registers are not preserved, the dates for his year of birth are conflicting.
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James Hoban was born c. 1755 in Callan, Ireland. He was the son of Edward and Martha (Bayne) Hoban. As the parish registers are not preserved, the dates for his year of birth are conflicting.
Hoban studied in schools of the Dublin Society. Here Thomas Ivory gave instruction in drawing to boys who generally entered at twelve to fourteen years of age. On November 23, 1780, it was resolved that several boys deserved medals. In the school for drawing in architecture Hoban was awarded the second premium for drawings of "brackets, stairs, and roofs. "
Hoban was next concerned, probably as an artisan, in several Dublin buildings: the Royal Exchange, finished soon after; the bank of Glendower, Newcomen & Company, built in 1781; and the Custom House, begun in the same year. He speaks of himself later as "universally acquainted with men in the building line in Ireland. "
After the Revolution Hoban emigrated to America, and on May 25, 1785, he advertised in Philadelphia that "Any Gentleman Who wishes to build in an elegant style, may hear of a person properly calculated for that purpose, who can execute the Joining and Carpenter's business in the modern taste".
He next appears in South Carolina where he remained until 1792. There he designed the state Capitol at Columbia, completed in 1791. For the front, with its central portico and high basement, he followed the suggestion of L'Enfant's design for the Federal Hall in New York, which had been reproduced widely in American magazines of 1789. The Capitol stood until it was burned in 1865.
From Carolina, Hoban moved north in 1792 with letters of introduction from Henry Laurens and others, and after seeing Washington in Philadelphia he went to the Federal City to take part in the competition for the proposed public buildings. None of his drawings for the Capitol is preserved, but for the President's House--later to be called the White House --he produced a design which on July 17 was awarded the first premium, consisting of a lot in the city and the sum of five hundred dollars. The elevation is preserved by the Maryland Historical Society; the plan, which later came into the hands of Jefferson, is with his drawings in the Coolidge collection deposited with the Massachusetts Historical Society. The front is academic, and was based on a plate in James Gibbs's Book of Architecture. Certain modifications of this design suggested the influence of Leinster House in Dublin, generically similar, and gave rise to the legend that the White House was copied from this building of Hoban's native place. Hoban was retained to supervise the construction of the building at three hundred guineas a year.
At the laying of the cornerstone by President Washington, September 13, 1793, Hoban assisted as master of the Federal Masonic Lodge, which he had helped to organize on September 6. He continued in charge until it was occupied, still unfinished, by Adams and Jefferson in 1800 and 1801. Meanwhile he was also employed as one of the superintendents at the Capitol, where he was active at intervals until Latrobe was appointed surveyor of public buildings in 1803.
His knowledge, abilities, and probity were called on in many other enterprises in Washington. He designed and built the Great Hotel (1793-1795), conceived as the first prize in the Federal Lottery, and built the Little Hotel (1795). Architectural practice was not yet established on an exclusively professional basis and was not considered to preclude activity as a contractor for the erection of buildings from the designs of others. Thus Hoban appears in 1798 as one of the bidders for the erection of the old Executive Offices, later restricted to the Treasury.
During the administration of Jefferson, he was little employed by the government, but by this time he was no longer dependent on his calling, having large holdings of city lots. In 1799 he was captain of the Washington Artillery. On the incorporation of the city in 1802, he was elected to the city council and remained a member until his death. After the destruction of the public buildings by the British in 1814, he rebuilt the White House, completed in 1829. The State and War Offices, begun in 1818, were both designed and erected by him.
He was a solid citizen and patriarch of the city, and at his death, in 1831, he left an estate valued at $60, 000.
Hoban was a prolific architect, but he is best remembered in the new United States for his design of the White House in Washington. Numerous events were held around 2008 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his birth. In 2008, a memorial arbor to honor James Hoban was completed near his birthplace, and a major exhibition on his life took place at the White House Visitor Center. Dublin Made Him. .. , a one-day colloquium in honour of Hoban, took place on October 3, 2008, at the (RDS) in Dublin, Ireland. It was presented by the RDS in association with the White House Historical Association, the U. S. Embassy in Ireland, and the James Hoban Societies of the U. S. and Ireland. The Irish-American group Solas have a song "John Riordan's Heels/The Bath Jig/Hoban's White House" on their album For Love and Laughter. Group member Mick McAuley, like Hoban, is from Kilkenny, and named the song in Hoban's honor.
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Quiet and conciliatory, but self-respecting and capable of firmness when occasion demanded, Hoban was the only personage connected with the Federal City who remained continuously identified with it from its inception.
In January 1799 Hoban married Susannah Sewell, and had ten children. His son James, who died January 19, 1846, was a United States district attorney.
