The McKay endowment and applied science at Harvard
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The History and Development of Gold Dredging in Montana: With a Chapter on Placer-Mining Methods and Operating Costs (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The History and Development of Gold Dredging...)
Excerpt from The History and Development of Gold Dredging in Montana: With a Chapter on Placer-Mining Methods and Operating Costs
Although the purpose of this paper is to describe gold dredging in Montana, a brief mention of some early appliances used in New Zealand, Australia, and California may serve as a world-connecting link in our consideration of the development of gold dredging.
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Mining as a profession including first stages of metallurgy
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James Hennen Jennings was an American mining engineer.
Background
Jennings was born on May 6, 1854, in Hawesville, Kentucky, whither his father had come from New Orleans to develop the coal resources. Although christened James Hennen, he dropped the former name early in life. Across the Ohio River in Indiana lived another coal-mining family of which Hamilton Smith was a member, and he inspired Jennings to become an engineer.
Education
After several years at school in England, Jennings entered Harvard and was graduated in 1877 from the Lawrence Scientific School.
Career
Jennings' first position was at the North Bloomfield hydraulic gold mine in California, where Smith was consulting engineer and H. C. Perkins was manager. Next, he was assistant to Ross E. Browne, surveyor at the New Almaden quicksilver mines. For a time "the blue-eyed Kentucky giant" was again with Perkins and then, with the backing of Perkins and Smith, he developed a small gravel-gold mine in Sierra County, gaining a substantial profit. He then became superintendent of the New Almaden, and in 1877, on the recommendation of Smith, he was made manager of the El Callao gold mine in Venezuela, succeeding Perkins there, and after two years he was appointed, again on the recommendation of Smith, to be consulting engineer to H. Eckstein & Company at Johannesburg, South Africa. Perkins joined him three years later as manager of the Rand Mines, an affiliated group. The famous Rand gold district was then in its early development, and American engineers accustomed to large-scale production on a systematic basis were brought in, despite the jealousy of British engineers. Recognizing the necessity of increasing the extraction from the low-grade ores, Jennings summoned Charles Butters from California to design and operate a chlorination plant at the Robinson mine. He soon perceived that this process would not solve the problem, however, and recognizing the importance of the work of MacArthur, Forrest, and Alfred James in developing the cyanide process for recovering gold, he entered into an agreement with them to erect a plant, which treated the tailings of the Robinson mine. It was the general adoption of this process that made the Rand a profitable gold-producing district. Jennings had the faculty of gathering about him able assistants and with their aid contributed materially to enlarged operations at depth, to hand-picking of the ore, and to the introduction of electrical appliances. Having an analytical mind, he took broad views of problems, attaining his ends more by tact and quiet moderation than by brilliance.
Economical consolidations of the operating companies were effected, and in 1898 Jennings went to the London office of Wernher, Beit & Company as consulting engineer. After the Boer War, he returned to Africa in 1902, for a year, to assist in the work of reorganization, with which his younger brother, Sidney, was also associated in an engineering capacity. As chairman of a committee of fifteen, Jennings reported to Joseph Chamberlain on the conlition and future of the mines; he also assisted prominently in the establishment of the South Africa School of Mines and of the South Africa Association of Engineers. Upon his return to England he was chosen president of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, and was awarded the gold medal of the Institution, unusual honors for an American. In London he served on a committee for the reorganization of the Royal College of Science. Leaving Wernher, Beit & Company in 1905, he returned to the United States and established a home in Washington. In association with Professor Nathaniel S. Shaler he contributed to the development of the Conrey Placer Mining Company, which was one of the assets of the Gordon McKay bequest to the scientific departments of Harvard University. His valued cooperation was given generously to government departments and public service, especially to the United States Bureau of Mines during the war.
Jennings died on March 5, 1920, in Washington, D. C. Besides his wife, a son and a daughter survived him.
Achievements
The contributions of Jennings to scientific literature were chiefly concerned with gold - the methods of mining it and its power as a balance wheel in regulating prices. Among them were "The History and Development of Gold Dredging in Montana. "
In 1918 Jennings was chairman of a committee appointed by the Secretary of the Interior to study the gold situation.
Connections
Jennings met Mary Lucretia Coleman, daughter of one of the owners of the Idaho mine at Grass Valley, in 1886, and married her on October 7 of the same year.