James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, was an English nobleman. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his mistress Lucy Walter.
Background
Born in 1649 to Lucy Walters at The Hague, the result of a liaison between her and Prince Charles (later Charles II), James Scott was not officially recognized until 1663, when he was patented to his dukedom. However, for the first 14 years of his life and through the remainder of Charles's life, he was treated with considerable indulgence by his father. He was constantly forgiven by Charles for a variety of peccadilloes, which in his maturity included treason and at least loose commitment to an attempt on the King's life. Further, he was the center of nearly every conspiracy, from 1670 onward, to supplant his uncle, James, Duke of York, as the heir to the throne.
Career
As a general, Monmouth showed some ability, at least in his youth, and the high point in his military career was the suppression of a Scots rebellion in 1679. This same period furnished Monmouth with his moment of highest political importance. During the exclusion crisis, which accompanied the Popish Plot hysteria, he was generally considered to be the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury's candidate for the succession.
So serious was Monmouth's candidacy taken that Charles exiled both him and the Duke of York. Against the royal wishes Monmouth returned to England during the crisis. Charles at this point deprived Monmouth of all his offices and once more forced him out of the country.
After the exclusion crisis passed, Monmouth became involved in further Whig machinations to change the succession. To what degree either Monmouth or any of the leading Whig figures were involved in the details of the actual plot has never been ascertained. Again forgiven, Monmouth was exiled to Zealand (Sjaelland), where he was received by the Prince of Orange. After the death of Charles II in 1685, Monmouth was contacted by Robert Ferguson, a plotter, and enlisted to lead an expedition to England to overturn the monarchy. The rebellion, which was mounted in the West Country, drew little support and is principally noted for the savagery of the King following its suppression.
Monmouth pleaded on his knees for his life after his capture, but his uncle, James II, refused to extend him pardon. He was executed in the Tower on July 15, 1685. Monmouth was a man of some military ability but, in part because of birth and in part because of the way he was treated and used, he never reached true maturity or any real understanding of his position.
Achievements
In 1685 he led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion, an attempt to depose his uncle, King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate King in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his position as the son of Charles II, and his Protestantism, in opposition to James, who was a Roman Catholic. The rebellion failed, and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685.
Connections
On 20 April 1663, he was married to the heiress Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch. James took his wife's surname upon marriage. The day after his marriage, the couple were made Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch, Earl and Countess of Dalkeith, and Lord and Lady Scott of Whitchester and Eskdale in the Peerage of Scotland.
