Croly, circa 1897
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1866
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1875
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Cunningham was born on December 19, 1829 in Market Harborough, England, the daughter of a Unitarian minister, Reverend Joseph Cunningham, and his wife Jane Scott. The family emigrated to the United States when young Jane was twelve. The family first lived in Poughkeepsie, New York, and later in Southbridge, Massachusetts.
Cunningham received her early education by reading widely in her father’s library. She lived and kept house for her brother, a Congregationalist minister in Worcester, Massachusetts. She taught school there and wrote a semi-monthly newspaper for her brother’s congregation.
Cunningham first became interested in journalism while a student; she started by editing the school newspaper. By 1855, she had moved to New York in search of full-time journalism work, and some sources say it was there she first used the pseudonym "Jennie June."
After applying to several newspapers and being turned down, she was eventually hired by a publication called Noah's Sunday Times; this was a publication edited by Mordecai Manuel Noah. At Noah's, she began writing a regular women's column, focusing on such traditional subjects as fashion, cooking, and the arts. She would later recall this time as challenging, since few newspapers wanted to hire a woman at all, and if they did so, it was only in the areas set aside for "women's interests". There was great resistance from male editors about hiring a woman to cover news or do serious reporting outside of what was considered women's sphere.
As a result of her journalism career, she also met her husband, a fellow journalist and editor for the New York Herald - David G. Croly. He went on to a career in journalism, becoming editor of The New Republic magazine. She would later tell interviewers that thanks to her husband, her career in journalism advanced; he hired her at New York World, and her career progressed from then on.
While most women were expected to give up their career after marrying, Jennie June continued to work, and did so even after having children. She was the editor of Demorest's Magazine from 1860 to 1887; this magazine devoted itself to women's fashions, and Jennie became known as an expert in the subject, widely quoted in other publications. She was later the editor of the Cycle Magazine (which she founded) and also the Home-Maker Magazine. Additionally, her columns were often syndicated on women's pages throughout the United States.
In her later years, Jennie June Croly was often referred to in the press as the "Mother of Women's Clubs", a term that was also mentioned when newspapers reported on how she became ill in the summer of 1898. She suffered a serious fall and broke her hip; her close friend Ellen Demorest, for whose fashion magazine she once worked, also became ill around that same time, suffering a stroke. It seems that she never entirely recovered and, in 1900 announced that she was retiring from newspaper and club work. She made a trip back to England, to see the country of her birth after so many years away and, after returning to New York, she died of heart failure, on December 23, 1901, at the age of 72.
Cunningham Croly's popular writings and socially conscious advocacy reflected, in different spheres, her belief that equal rights and economic independence for women would allow them to become fully responsible, productive citizens.
She founded the Sorosis club for women in New York in 1868 and in 1889 expanded it nationwide to the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She also founded the Woman's Press Club of New York City.
Croly was a pioneer feminist, dedicated to the betterment of her sex. She called for more efficiency in women's dress, and ridiculed bloomers as bizarre. Croly sympathized with the women's suffrage movement but was not active in it. She strongly supported equality and equal rights, giving special emphasis to new careers for middle-class women such as secretary, bookkeeper, nursing and department store clerk, in addition to traditional roles of teaching.
As a result of her journalism career, Cunningham also met her husband, David G. Croly, and they were married on St. Valentine's Day February 14, 1856. They had three daughters, Minnie, Viola and Alice, and one son, Herbert David.
He was an American journalist, born in New York City and educated at New York University.
He was an intellectual leader of the progressive movement as an editor, political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic in early twentieth-century America.
