Background
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille was born on April 22, 1797, in Paris, France. Poiseuille was the son of Jean Baptiste Poiseuille, a carpenter, and Anne Victoire Caumont.
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille, 2 April 1797 – 26 December 1869, French physicist and physiologist.
École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, Paris, France
From 1815 to 1816 Poiseuille studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris. He was trained in physics and mathematics. In 1828 he earned his Doctor of Science degree.
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille received the Montyon Medal in 1829, 1831, 1835, and 1843 for his researches in physiology.
École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, Paris, France
From 1815 to 1816 Poiseuille studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris. He was trained in physics and mathematics. In 1828 he earned his Doctor of Science degree.
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille received the Montyon Medal in 1829, 1831, 1835, and 1843 for his researches in physiology.
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1828
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1846
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1850
mathematician physicist physiologist scientist
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille was born on April 22, 1797, in Paris, France. Poiseuille was the son of Jean Baptiste Poiseuille, a carpenter, and Anne Victoire Caumont.
From 1815 to 1816 Poiseuille studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris. He was trained in physics and mathematics. In 1828 he earned his Doctor of Science degree with a dissertation entitled Recherches sur la force du coeur aortique.
In 1828 Poiseuille became a Doctor of Science, but it is not known what kind of positions he held until 1860 when he was elected inspector of the primary schools in Paris.
Poiseuille’s interest in blood circulation led him to experiment on the flow and outflow of distilled water in capillary tubes with diameters ranging from 0.03 mm. to 0.14 mm. Such experiments had been carried out before, especially by Franz Joseph von Gerstner and Pierre-Simon Girard; but since they used tubes with larger diameters, their experiments were disturbed by turbulence. In his 1840 paper, “Recherches experimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de tres-petite diametres,” Poiseuille announced the law Q = k(D4p/L), where Q is the volume discharged in unit time, k is a constant, p is the pressure difference in mm. of mercury at the two ends of the tube, D is the diameter, and L is the length. He also measured the variation of Q with the temperature T (from 0° C. to 45° C.) and found Q = 1836.724.
Poiseuille’s paper was reviewed by a committee consisting of Arago, Piobert, and Regnault. They persuaded him to make further experiments with ether and mercury, and these investigations were published in 1847. He found that ether yielded the same law as distilled water, whereas mercury obeyed a different law. In 1870 Emil Gabriel Warburg found that mercury obeys the Poiseuille law, except for certain anomalies caused by amalgamation in metal tubes.
In 1839 G. H. L. Hagen had already found the same law as Poiseuille, using brass tubes with diameters from 2.5 mm. to 6 mm., the temperature varying from 1° C to 15° C. Poiseuille and the committee reviewing his paper indicated at no point any knowledge of Hagen’s researches, and it seems that Hagen’s work was not appreciated at this time, probably because he used - besides the correct experimental law - a wrong velocity profile (a wedge profile) in his theoretical investigations.
In 1860 Jacob Eduard Hagenbach named the law after Poiseuille, and it was not until 1925 that Wilhelm Ostwald argued that the law should be renamed the Hagen-Poiseuille law.
A correct analytical derivation of the Hagen-Poiseuille law was given independently by Franz Neumann and Hagenbach in 1860, both of whom derived the parabolic expression for the velocity distribution and identified the constant k as an expression for the viscosity of the fluid. In 1845 Stokes calculated the discharge of long straight circular pipes and rectangular canals. Since he compared his formulas with the experiments of Bossut and Du Buat, which were complicated by turbulence, he did not evaluate the constant but obtained the parabolic velocity profile.
Poiseuille’s major achievement is associated with the physiology of the circulation of blood through the arteries. Poiseuille improved the experiment by using a mercury manometer instead of the long tube and by filling potassium carbonate into the connection to the artery in order to prevent coagulation. With this instrument, a hemodynamometer, he showed in his 1828 dissertation, “Recherches sur la force du coeur aortique,” that the blood pressure rises and falls on expiration and inspiration. He also found that the dilatation of an artery at each heartbeat was about 1/23 of normal.
He received the Montyon Medal in 1829, 1831, 1835, and 1843 for his researches in physiology.
In 1842 Poiseuille was elected to the Academie de Medecine in Paris and to the Societe Philomathique in Paris. He was also a member of several foreign societies, which included the societies of medicine in Stockholm, Berlin, and Breslau.
In 1829 Jean Leonard Poiseuille married a daughter of M. Panay de la Lorette, ingenieur en chef des ponls el chaussees.
Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (3 March 1797 – 3 February 1884) was a German civil engineer who made important contributions to fluid dynamics, hydraulic engineering and probability theory.
