Education
Jagiellonian University.
Jagiellonian University.
As a historian, he specializes in the history of Poland in the 19th century. He was an activist of the Solidarity movement in communist Poland. He was a deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm) from 1989 to 1997.
Afterwards, he was a Deputy Minister in the cabinet of Jerzy Buzek (1997–2001).
Afterwards, he retired from active politics.
(Historia Polski 1795-1914 - Polish language book. Ksiazka...)
After the fall of communism, he was a member of the Democratic Union (UD) and Freedom Union (UW) parties.
He is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and a professor at the Jagiellonian University since 1993.