Selected Works of Jiang Zemin Volume I English Version (Chinese Edition)
(The Selected Works of Jiang Zemin comprises three volumes...)
The Selected Works of Jiang Zemin comprises three volumes and brings together the major works the author wrote between August 1980 and September 2004. It contains 203 reports, speeches, remarks, articles, letters, comments, orders and messages, many of which are available in English for the first time. The Selected Works of Jiang Zemin vividly records the historic process in which the third generation of the central collective leadership of the Communist Party of China CPC, with Jiang Zemin at its core, guided the Party and the people of all China's ethnic groups in pushing forward socialism with Chinese characteristics. The three volumes accurately review the CPC's valuable experiences of leading the people in overcoming difficulties and initiating a new phase in socialism with Chinese characteristics. They fully reflect the major theoretical achievements the CPC creatively advanced by integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China's realities and the characteristics of the times under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory. The Selected Works of Jiang Zemin also provides profound insight into the historic process of the inception, formation and development of the important thought of Three Represents, the author's most important theoretical contribution. This volume includes 81 works written between August 21, 1980 and August 5, 1997.
China’s rapid economic expansion raises questions internally and externally about how it will acquire the energy it needs to sustain growth. Currently it is the largest producer and consumer of coal; how much will it continue to rely on its abundant natural resource in the face of increasing environmental concerns? Will it embrace new clean coal technologies developed by others or invest in its own? Currently it imports 50% of the oil it consumes; will it invest in technologies that scrub the ocean floor for petroleum deposits? Will it develop new distribution technologies to bring its natural gas reserves closer to population centers? What role will conservation play? And how will China relate to the rest of the international community as it addresses these critical issues.
Research on Energy Issues In China presents one prominent insider’s view of China’s key energy issues and his strategy for addressing them. A collection of papers authored by Jiang Zemin, former president of the People’s Republic of China, it appears here in English for the first time. Jiang’s message is an exhortation to the Chinese to invest in science and technology, and research and development, to ensure the steady supply of energy so crucial for sustaining and driving development. He outlines this energy strategy for China: "we need to steadfastly conserve energy, use it efficiently, diversify development, keep the environment clean, be technology driven and cooperate internationally in order to establish a system of energy production, distribution and consumption that is highly efficient, uses advanced technology, produces few pollutant, has minimal impact on the ecosystem, and provides a steady and secure energy supply."
Within ten to twenty years, China may well be the world’s largest energy consumption and supply system. This volume offers policy makers, energy industry analysts, researchers, and investors an inside view of how it plans to get there.
• Compares China’s current energy situation with the developed world
• Details specific challenges and opportunities in China with respect to coal, oil, nuclear, natural gas, solar, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal, wind, and ocean
• Presents an eight point energy development policy
• Provides a guide to China’s future investment in research and development
Reforma E Construção Da China (Em Portuguese do Brasil)
(A opção da China de um sistema social e um caminho de des...)
A opção da China de um sistema social e um caminho de desenvolvimento, as políticas internas e externas que segue e as metas que identificou para o próximo século, estão baseadas tanto na realidade como na história. Estão em conformidade não somente com o desenvolvimento histórico e atual da humanidade, mas também refletem as características da Nação Chinesa. Favorecem não somente os interesses fundamentais do povo chinês, mas também a paz, estabilidade, prosperidade e progresso do mundo. Esta é a chave para uma compreensão da China atual e seu futuro. Jiang Zemin Escrito a partir de discursos proferidos, Reforma E Construção Da China, de Jiang Zemin - secretário-geral do Comitê Central do Partido Comunista, presidente da República Popular e presidente da Comissão Militar Central da China - expõe a história da fundação da República Popular, a reforma e a modernização sofridas pela China e algumas de suas propostas para as áreas econômica, social e militar. A trajetória de Zemin começa a ser contada a partir de Jiang Shixi, seu avô, médico da tradicional medicina chinesa. Com seu falecimento; o pai de Zemin assumiu a responsabilidade da família. Mas cuidar de todos era uma tarefa quase impossível e, ainda criança, Jiang Zemin foi adotado pelo tio Jiang Shangqing, integrante do Partido Comunista. Em 1931, ocorreu o Incidente de 18 de Setembro, evento de grande repercussão tanto na China como no mundo, em que as forças armadas do imperialismo japonês ocuparam as três províncias do Nordeste da China. Depois da eclosão total da guerra de agressão japonesa à China em 1937, Jiang Shangqing organizou uma equipe itinerante de propaganda de luta contra a agressão japonesa, dedicando-se à divulgação da proposta do Partido Comunista da China. Foi esse o ambiente em que Zemin cresceu e começou seus primeiros passos em direção à carreira na vida pública. Nos primeiros anos após a fundação da República Popular da China, Jiang Zemin foi sucessivamente o primeiro-subch[...]
Reforma E Construção Da China (Em Portuguese do Brasil)
(A opção da China de um sistema social e um caminho de des...)
A opção da China de um sistema social e um caminho de desenvolvimento, as políticas internas e externas que segue e as metas que identificou para o próximo século, estão baseadas tanto na realidade como na história. Estão em conformidade não somente com o desenvolvimento histórico e atual da humanidade, mas também refletem as características da Nação Chinesa. Favorecem não somente os interesses fundamentais do povo chinês, mas também a paz, estabilidade, prosperidade e progresso do mundo. Esta é a chave para uma compreensão da China atual e seu futuro. Jiang Zemin Escrito a partir de discursos proferidos, Reforma E Construção Da China, de Jiang Zemin - secretário-geral do Comitê Central do Partido Comunista, presidente da República Popular e presidente da Comissão Militar Central da China - expõe a história da fundação da República Popular, a reforma e a modernização sofridas pela China e algumas de suas propostas para as áreas econômica, social e militar. A trajetória de Zemin começa a ser contada a partir de Jiang Shixi, seu avô, médico da tradicional medicina chinesa. Com seu falecimento; o pai de Zemin assumiu a responsabilidade da família. Mas cuidar de todos era uma tarefa quase impossível e, ainda criança, Jiang Zemin foi adotado pelo tio Jiang Shangqing, integrante do Partido Comunista. Em 1931, ocorreu o Incidente de 18 de Setembro, evento de grande repercussão tanto na China como no mundo, em que as forças armadas do imperialismo japonês ocuparam as três províncias do Nordeste da China. Depois da eclosão total da guerra de agressão japonesa à China em 1937, Jiang Shangqing organizou uma equipe itinerante de propaganda de luta contra a agressão japonesa, dedicando-se à divulgação da proposta do Partido Comunista da China. Foi esse o ambiente em que Zemin cresceu e começou seus primeiros passos em direção à carreira na vida pública. Nos primeiros anos após a fundação da República Popular da China, Jiang Zemin foi sucessivamente o primeiro-subch[...]
Jiang Zemin is a former Chinese politician, best known for his key role in the success of the ‘Communist Party of China’ (CPC). He was the general secretary of the party from 1989 to 2002 and has also served as the chairman of the ‘Central Military Commission.’
In addition, he was also the president of the ‘People’s Republic of China’ from 1993 to 2003.
Background
Jiang Zemin was born on August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. His ancestral home was in Jiangwan, a Chinese province that was home to several prominent Chinese intellectuals and politicians. Jiang was born at the peak of the Japanese occupation of China, right after the First World War. His uncle, who was also his foster father, was in the Chinese army and was considered a national hero after his death in the Second World War.
Zemin’s father, Jiang Shijun, worked at the publicity department of the Nanking regime, which was a Japanese puppet government. Shijun severed all ties with his family, and following this incident, Zemin’s uncle took him under his custody. After his uncle’s death in the World War, Zemin and the family experienced hard times. His father Shijun was a wealthy man but never came ahead to help.
Education
Jiang attended the Department of Electrical Engineering at the National Central University in Japanese-occupied Nanjing before transferring to National Chiao Tung University (now Shanghai Jiao Tong University). He graduated there in 1947 with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering.
Zemin enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the ‘National Central University’ in Nanjing and was later transferred to the ‘National Chiao Tung University.’ He finally graduated in 1947 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering.
His political aspirations grew while he was in college, and he is said to have become a worker of the ‘CPC’ while he was in college. He received his training at the ‘Stalin Automobile Works’ in Moscow. He frequently switched jobs and eventually acquired a spot on the ‘Central Committee of the Communist Party’ in 1983, as the ‘Minister of Electric Industries.’
After 1985, Jiang's career improved greatly as he returned to Shanghai as its deputy party secretary, later secretary and mayor. In 1987 he entered the Politburo (top part of the Communist party) at the thirteenth CCP congress.
In June 1989, in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre, where hundreds of pro-democracy student protesters where killed by police forces, Jiang was appointed by Deng Xiaoping to the position of general secretary of the CCP. In November 1989 Jiang also took over the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission when Deng stepped down. Like Deng Xiaoping, Jiang supported economic reform (improvements), but did little where political reform was concerned.
After Jiang became party general secretary, he faithfully followed the new party line. For example, he blamed hostile outside forces for China's domestic political problems in the late 1980s. Likewise, he put a renewed emphasis on Communist loyalty over selecting and promoting party officials.
Xiaoping officially retired in 1989, the same year of the Tiananmen Square massacre. Jiang did not have a base of support within the party or the army, and in 1990 still lacked leadership stature. But through his work as chairman of the CCP's Central Military Commision, Jiang eventually gained support and was named president of China in 1993.
Business ventures in China widened the class gap and only worsened the Chinese economy. In the 1990s, urban areas began experiencing increased crime and revolutionary groups sprang up. In the autumn of 1994, a militant group placed explosives on train tracks, derailing a train carrying troops from China's 13th Army. The explosion killed 170 and injured 190 people. Moreover, China's relationship with the rest of the world grew increasingly strained with widespread reports of human rights abuses, including prison labor and political imprisoning.
In April 1996, in an attempt to reestablish law and order, Jiang launched an anticrime drive, known as "Strike Hard" (Yanda in Chinese). Within six months Strike Hard had resulted in more than 160 thousand arrests and more than one thousand executions. Though many were critical of these actions, the government claimed it was well received by the Chinese citizens who were alarmed by the rising crime statistics.
In the spring of 2001, China-U.S. relations reached a fevered pitch, when a U.S. spy plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet. The U.S. plane was forced to land in China where the aircraft (loaded with highly secretive spy technology) and its crew were detained for eleven days. On July 18, 2001, Jiang met with Russian leader Vladimir Putin (1952–) in a summit (meeting) aimed at improving Russo-Chinese relations and slowing the United States' global influence. The two sides signed a statement to reduce missile defense, and improve trade between the two countries.
In 2002, Jiang stepped down from the powerful Politburo Standing Committee and as General Secretary to make way for a "fourth generation" of leadership headed by Hu Jintao, beginning a transition of power that would last several years. Hu assumed Jiang's title as party head, becoming the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. At the 16th Party Congress held in the autumn of 2002, observers noted at the time that six out of the nine new members of Standing Committee were considered part of Jiang's so-called "Shanghai Clique", the most prominent being Vice President Zeng Qinghong, who had served as Jiang's chief of staff for many years, and Vice Premier Huang Ju, a former party chief of Shanghai.
Although Jiang retained the chairmanship of the powerful Central Military Commission, most members of the commission were professional military men. Liberation Army Daily, a publication thought to represent the views of the CMC majority, printed an article on 11 March 2003 which quotes two army delegates as saying, "Having one center is called 'loyalty' while having two centers will result in 'problems.'" This was widely interpreted as a criticism of Jiang's attempt to exercise dual leadership with Hu on the model of Deng Xiaoping.
Hu succeeded Jiang as party leader in November 2002. To the surprise of many observers, evidence of Jiang's continuing influence on public policy abruptly disappeared from the official media. Jiang was conspicuously silent during the SARS crisis, especially when compared to the very public profile of Hu and the newly anointed Premier, Wen Jiabao. It has been argued that the institutional arrangements created by the 16th Congress have left Jiang in a position where he cannot exercise much influence. Although many of the members of the Politburo Standing Committee were associated with him, the Standing Committee does not necessarily have command authority over the civilian bureaucracy.
On 19 September 2004, after a four-day meeting of the Central Committee, Jiang relinquished his post as chairman of the party's Central Military Commission, his last post in the party. Six months later he resigned his last significant post, chairman of the Central Military Commission of the state. This followed weeks of speculation that forces inside the party were pressing Jiang to step aside. Jiang's term was supposed to have lasted until 2007. Hu also succeeded Jiang as the CMC chairman, but, in an apparent political defeat for Jiang, General Xu Caihou, and not Zeng Qinghong was appointed to succeed Hu as vice chairman, as was initially speculated. This power transition formally marked the end of Jiang's era in China, which roughly lasted from 1993 to 2004.
Jiang continued to make official appearances after giving up his last title in 2004. In China's strictly defined protocol sequence, Jiang's name always appeared immediately after Hu Jintao's and in front of the remaining sitting members of the Politburo Standing Committee. In 2007, Jiang was seen with Hu Jintao on stage at a ceremony celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army, and toured the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution with Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, and other former senior officials. On 8 August 2008, Jiang appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics. He also stood beside Hu Jintao during 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China mass parade in October 2009.
Beginning in July 2011, false reports of Jiang's death began circulating on the news media outside of mainland China and on the internet. While Jiang may indeed have been ill and receiving treatment, the rumours were denied by official sources. On 9 October 2011, Jiang made his first public appearance since his premature obituary in Beijing at a celebration to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution. Jiang reappeared at the 18th Party Congress in October 2012, and took part in the 65th Anniversary banquet of the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 2014. At the banquet he sat next to Xi Jinping, who had then succeeded Hu Jintao as party General Secretary. In September 2015, Jiang attended the parade celebrating 70 years since end of World War II; there, Jiang again sat next to Xi Jinping and Hu Jintao. He appeared on 29 May 2017 at Shanghai Technology University.
After Xi Jinping assumed power, Jiang's position in the protocol sequence of leaders retreated; while he was often seated next to Xi Jinping at official events, his name was often reported after all standing members of the Communist Party's Politburo. Jiang reappeared at the 19th Party Congress on 18 October 2017.
Jiang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1946.
Jiang advocated economic reform, but he was also a conservative insofar as political reform was concerned. As mayor of Shanghai, Jiang initiated and implemented a series of economic reforms. For example, Shanghai was the first city in China to auction land-use rights, even though such a measure clearly violates the Communist dogma. Jiang was quite responsive to foreign investors' concerns, and hence won praise from them.
After Jiang became party general secretary, he faithfully followed the new party line. For example, he blamed hostile external forces for China's domestic political turmoil in the late 1980. He put a renewed emphasis on "redness" over expertise in selecting and promoting party officials.
Jiang Zemin’s foray into national politics happened in 1987, when he acquired a seat in the ‘Politburo’ of the ‘CPC Central Committee.’ However, his place was not earned, as it was a custom to have a seat reserved for the ‘Party Secretary’ of Shanghai. Soon, intense protests broke out in in Tiananmen Square, and the central government did not know the right way to handle the protestors.
The general secretary of the party, Zhao Ziyang, had liberal tendencies. He was not in tune with the principles of the ‘CPC.’ He was sympathetic toward the protestors. This made the party supreme Deng Xiaoping search for a replacement. Jiang had shut down the newspaper ‘World Economic Herald,’ which was a significantly brave step. Deng noticed this, and Jiang, who was serving as the ‘Shanghai Party Secretary’ at that time, was given the position of the general secretary of the ‘CPC.’
Although Jiang was now given the top position in the party’s leadership, he was not given enough power. Over time, he earned the respect of the party’s elders and propagated against the liberalization. He stated that in order for the ‘CPC’ to maintain its hold over the country, modernization and economic reforms needed to be put in place.
1993 was the year of economic reforms in China, as Jiang brought introduced a “socialist market economy,” which was step forward from the existing socialist economy toward a government-regulated capitalist market economy. With his effective policies, he earned the confidence of Deng and diminished the ‘Central Advisory Committee.’ In 1993, he contested the ‘Presidency’ elections.
In March 1993, he was named the fifth president of the ‘Republic of China.’ In the 90s, following the economic reforms, the country faced many issues related to corruption and unequal distribution of wealth. It further gave rise to a growing rate of unemployment in the country. The migration of people from rural areas to urban areas was taking place in great numbers, and the entire country was on the verge of collapsing.
Determined to turn the course of the events around, Jiang introduced reforms to bring stability to China, in 1996. He used the media, which was mostly state-controlled, to his benefit. He gave interviews to foreign media houses too and further halted the activities of almost all his political rivals. This helped him take complete control of the country, and the death of Deng Xiaoping further elevated his position.
Well aware of the requirement of a strong economic wave in the country, he handed over the economic governance of the country to his close ally Zhu Rongji, and they went through the Asian financial crisis of 1997. However, with time, China turned into a strong economic nation and maintained an annual GDP growth of 8%, eventually becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.
China ended up becoming the fastest-growing nation in terms of per-capita income, and this rapid development further raised eyebrows around the world. The remarkable growth of China helped it become a superpower within two decades. What further strengthened China’s hold in the international arena was its membership of the ‘World Trade Organization’ and subsequently, China’s win of the bid to host the 2008 ‘Olympic Games’ in Beijing.
In 2002, Jiang finally vacated the post of the general secretary of ‘CPC,’ but retained his position as the chairman of the ‘Central Military Commission.’ In September 2004, he resigned from that post too, thereby losing all of his official power in the party. However, he remained a key figure and an advisor to the party’s new leadership.
Jiang has been a controversial figure in Chinese politics. He has faced several charges of corruption and inefficiency during his tenure as the president and the general secretary of his party. Jiang’s term has also seen a lot of instability due to the introduction of economic reforms, which took place at a rapid pace.
Views
Quotations:
He was prominently quoted in a People's Daily front-page commentary on June 24, 1990, as saying, "In choosing people, in assigning people, in educating people, we must take a revolutionary outlook as the prerequisite required experience to insure that party and government leaders at every level are loyal to Marxism."
Membership
He was eventually transferred to government services, where he began to rise in prominence and rank, eventually becoming a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Minister of Electronic Industries in 1983.
Jiang was elevated to national politics in 1987, automatically becoming a member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee because it is customarily dictated that the Party Secretary of Shanghai would also have a seat in the Politburo.
Personality
Although he had a chaotic early political career, Jiang was known as an accomplished orator, who spoke several foreign languages, such as Russian, Romanian, and English. These skills helped him become popular with the foreign delegates and celebrities who visited China.
Connections
Jiang Zemin married Wang Yeping in 1949. The couple has two sons: Jiang Mianheng and Jiang Miankang.
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, 5th President of the People's Republic of China