Background
Johannes Diderik van der Waals was born on 23 November 1837 in Leiden in the Netherlands. He was the eldest of ten children born to Jacobus van der Waals and Elisabeth van den Berg. His father was a carpenter in Leiden.
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Theoretical physicist thermodynamicist
Johannes Diderik van der Waals was born on 23 November 1837 in Leiden in the Netherlands. He was the eldest of ten children born to Jacobus van der Waals and Elisabeth van den Berg. His father was a carpenter in Leiden.
After training for secondary-school teaching (1866), while a headmaster in The Hague, he studied physics at the University of Leiden.
In 1875 he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters; and two years later, after the Amsterdam Athenaeum had become the University of Amsterdam, he occupied the chair of physics.
On the basis of his knowledge of the work of Clausis and other molecular theorists, he wrote his dissertation, Over de continiteit van den gasen vloeisotoftoestand (1873).
His scientific publications were mostly on molecular physics and thermodynamics.
He retired in 1907 and was succeeded by his son, who was named for him.
With very close packing a would no longer remain constant, but gradually increase (by less than a factor of 2).
Likewise b, accounting for the non-overlapping of molecules, is equal at low density to four times the “proper” volume of all molecules together, but gradually decreases (by a factor not smaller than 0. 5) for very close packing.
With constant a and b, the isotherms may be calculated (see Figure 2), giving for the critical pointBelow the critical point the assumption of one homogeneous phase no longer holds, except perhaps for very short moments.
This two-phase system is represented by horizontal line tracks in Figure 2.
Most thermodynamic quantities can now be calculated: saturated vapor pressure curve, Joule-Kelvin effect, supercooling, and so on.
The comparison with experiment is given in Figures 3 and 4 for noble and pseudo-noble gases (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen).
The falling of all experimental points for these different substances, in reduced variables, on the same curve is an expression of the law of corresponding states.
It would be somewhat more reasonable to give this name to all forces not of ionic origin, but so loose a terminiology would not be useful.
In 1877 he was appointed to a chair of physics at the University of Amsterdam, which he occupied until 1907.
Van der Waals' hypothesis of the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states was suggested by combining the kinetic theory of gases with La Place's theory of capillarity, an assumption which was strengthened by Andrews' observations on carbon dioxide.
This led to his statement of the law of corresponding states, a law which was of great value to Dewar and Kammerling Onnes in their researches on the liquefaction of permanent gases.
Van der Waals also developed a well-known equation which bears his name.
See also Chemistry, Surface; Heat; Thermodynamics.
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He was made honorary member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow, the Royal Irish Academy and the American Philosophical Society; corresponding member of the Institut de France and the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin; associate member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium; and foreign member of the Chemical Society of London, the National Academy of Sciences of the U. S. , and of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome. Van der Waals was a member of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences) since 1875.
He married Anna Magdalena Smit in 1865, and the couple had three daughters (Anne Madeleine, Jacqueline E. van der Waals (nl), Johanna Diderica) and one son, the physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Jr. (nl) Jacqueline was a poet of some note. Van der Waals' nephew Peter van der Waals was a cabinet maker and a leading figure in the Sapperton, Gloucestershire school of the Arts and Crafts movement.
The wife of Johannes van der Waals died of tuberculosis at 34 years old in 1881. After becoming a widower Van der Waals never remarried and was so shaken by the death of his wife that he did not publish anything for about a decade.
He died in Amsterdam on March 8, 1923, one year after his daughter Jacqueline had died.
His grandson, Christopher D. Vanderwal is a distinguished professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Irvine.
