Background
John Cadwalader was born on January 10, 1742 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; the son of Dr. Thomas Cadwalader and Hannah (Lambert) Cadwalader.
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John Cadwalader was born on January 10, 1742 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States; the son of Dr. Thomas Cadwalader and Hannah (Lambert) Cadwalader.
He was educated at the College and Academy of Philadelphia (now University of Pennsylvania) but apparently never graduated.
Prior to the Revolution he engaged in business with his brother, Lambert Cadwalader, under the firm name of John & Lambert Cadwalader. A man of considerable wealth and position, he was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety, and was captain of a city troop known as the Silk-Stocking Company. He became colonel of a Philadelphia battalion, and was appointed brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia, December 25, 1776.
To his later regret, he twice declined the offer by Congress of a brigadier-generalship in the Continental army. Cadwalader came into notice in the Trenton campaign. Washington's plan contemplated crossing the Delaware by three columns quite widely separated, his own, Ewing's, and Cadwalader's. The latter could not carry out his part of the program on account of ice, though he exerted himself, and transferred part of the infantry. Two days later with about 1, 800 men he crossed from Bristol to Burlington, marching thence to Bordentown, in time to be present at the battle of Princeton. As Sir William Howe's invasion approached Philadelphia, Cadwalader, at Washington's request, organized the militia on the eastern shore of Maryland.
He fought at Brandywine and Germantown, engaged in the irregular warfare of the following season near Philadephia, and was active in the Monmouth campaign. The winter of 1777-78 was that of the Conway cabal. Cadwalader was a strong supporter of Washington in this attempt to undermine the authority of the Commander-in-Chief, and he challenged Gen. Conway to a duel.
The encounter took place near Philadelphia, and Conway fell, severely and as he at first believed, mortally wounded. Conway's confession to Washington, his disappearance from the scene, and the collapse of the "cabal" followed. After this year, Cadwalader had no prominent part in affairs, though he served in the legislature of Maryland.
He died in 1786 and is buried at Shrewsbury Church, Kent County, Md.
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He was a member of the Philadelphia Committee of Safety. He was alos a member of the Maryland State Assembly.
Cadwalader was a man of "polished manners. " He was regarded as a good disciplinarian, and the esteem in which he was held by Washington is shown by two letters, one written from Valley Forge, and the other sent at the time of Arnold's treason.
He was married twice: first, in October 1768 to Elizabeth Lloyd; second, on January 30, 1779, to Williamina Bond.
