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John Thomas Gulick, the son of Rev. Peter Johnson and Fanny Hinckley (Thomas) Gulick, and the brother of Luther Halsey Gulick, 1828-1891, was born at Waimea, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands on March 13, 1832, where his father was one of the early American missionaries.
John Thomas Gulick attended Punahou Academy, Honolulu, and the preparatory department of the University of the City of New York.
He continued his education at Williams College, graduating in 1859, and then studied at the Union Theological Seminary, 1859-61.
For a short time in 1849-50 John Thomas Gulick was a miner in California.
In 1862 he went to Japan and at Kanagawa, near Tokyo, he supported himself by photography and school teaching, at the same time trying to induce the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to begin work there.
In 1864 he was appointed by the Board missionary to Peking, and the following year he was transferred to Kalgan, North China, a post he occupied until 1875.
He then returned to Japan where he continued his work in the mission field, especially in Kobe and Osaka, until 1899.
Returning to the United States, he spent the years from 1900 to 1905 at Oberlin, Ohio, where he studied problems relating to evolution and elaborated his most extensive work on that subject for the press.
Gulick’s attention had been directed to evolution as early as 1851 and 1852, when he was engaged in collecting species of Achalinellidce or land-snails on the island of Oahu, and he soon became widely known as a student of this group through his descriptions of many new Hawaiian species.
His first evolutionary contribution, “On the Variation of Species as Related to their Geographical Distribution, Illustrated by the Achatinellinae, ” appeared in Nature, July 18, 1872.
This was followed by “Diversity of Evolution under one set of External Conditions, ” published in the Journal of the Linnean Society.
Other essays on the formation of species through isolation and segregation followed, and the results of these studies concerning the factors of organic evolution were published from time to time in Nature, the American Journal of Science, and in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Gulick held that nearly all evolution, as we now observe it, is divergent, through the influence of segregation.
Portions of his theory of divergence were published in London in the Linnean Society’s Journal, and in the United States in the annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1891.
But the fullest exposition of this hypothesis is given in his contribution: Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal, issued by the Carnegie Institution.
According to David Starr Jordan he was, in the details of his work, far ahead of his time.
Even before John Thomas Gulick had read The Origin of Species (1859) he had reached the conclusion that “many genuine species had been derived from descent from one original stock or species. ”
In 1906 Gulick returned to Hawaii, devoting his later years to the study of social problems.
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Throughout his life John Thomas Gulick retained the conviction that between scientific truth and religion there exists a complete harmony, so that he was at all times “a thoroughgoing Darwinian, as well as a Christian Missionary. ”
John Thomas Gulick was twice married: first, on September 3, 1864, in Hong Kong, to Emily de la Cour, who died in 1875; and, second, on May 31, 1880, to Frances A. Stevens of Osaka, Japan.
