Background
John Heckewelder was born on March 12, 1743, in Bedford, England. His father was the Revolutioner David Heckewelder, a native of Moravia, who had been sent to England in the service of the Brethren’s Church.
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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( First published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvan...)
First published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1818, History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations provides an account of the Lenni Lenape and other tribes in the mid-Atlantic region, looking at their history and relations with other tribes and settlers, as well as their spiritual beliefs, government and politics, education, language, social institutions, dress, food, and other customs. The text, written by the Reverend John Heckewelder, a Moravian missionary based in Ohio and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, includes the author’s observations, anecdotes, and advice, preserving not only his knowledge about the Indian nations in the eighteenth century but also his perspective, as a missionary and settler, on Native Americans and the often-fraught relationships between the tribes and European settlers. This version of the text, published in 1876, contains an introduction and notes by the Reverend William C. Reichel as well as a glossary of Lenape words and phrases and letters between the author and the then-president of the American Philosophical Society concerning the study of the Indian nations and their languages.
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John Heckewelder was born on March 12, 1743, in Bedford, England. His father was the Revolutioner David Heckewelder, a native of Moravia, who had been sent to England in the service of the Brethren’s Church.
John’s early education was acquired at Moravian schools in that country. After coming to America with his parents in 1754, he attended the boys’ school in Bethlehem for three years.
In 1759 John Heckewelder was indentured to a cedar cooper at Bethlehem, though at that time he had offered his services as an evangelist and had expressed a strong desire to be allowed to assist in the work of David Zeisberger and Christian Frederick Post, who were planning a mission on the Muskingum River in the Ohio territory. In 1762 he received a call to assist Post in the transfer of several parties of Christian Delaware Indians from the Susquehanna region. A preliminary journey to Ohio was made, but, just as arrangements for the transfer were ready, Pontiac’s War blazed out in the Western area and the proposed migration was temporarily abandoned. When the Pontiac affair collapsed, Post and Zeisberger carried out the plan and Heckewelder was compelled to remain in the cooper shop, chafing under the restraints imposed upon his dreams. From 1763 to 1771, however, Heckewelder was occasionally dispatched as a messenger to the Indian settlement at Wyalusing, Pennsylvania, and even to the Indian towns on the west branch of the Susquehanna. In this work he showed, to an unusual degree, the ability to understand both the customs and the language of the Indians, and he occupied many hours of those years in acquiring their language, traditions, and legendary history.
His regular mission service was begun in 1771 and lasted fifteen years, during which, as assistant to David Zeisberger, he lived with the Moravian Christian Indians, guiding and accompanying them from the Susquehanna to the Big Beaver River and thence to Schoenbrunn and Gnadenhiitten on the Muskingum. During these years he was constantly on horseback between Bethlehem and Detroit, usually as the leader of Indian groups and always as their passport on the way. For the idea of Indians as peaceful and God-fearing people was not conceivable to many frontiersmen in those troublous days. In 1781 he and all his companions were made prisoners by a wandering company of English and Indians and taken to Upper Sandusky where they were held as prisoners of war on the charge of being American spies. Heckewelder was twice summoned to Detroit and arraigned before the commandant of the post, but all were finally allowed to return to the Ohio work. It was during this absence from Ohio that ninety-six Christian Indians of Gnadenhiitten were massacred by the whites. Six years later he retired to Bethlehem and withdrew from the active mission service, though not from the service of his church.
Additional duties were imposed upon Heckewelder by the new government of the United States, which availed itself of his special knowledge of Indian language and life. In 1792 General Knox, secretary of war, appointed him to accompany General Putnam and a commission to arrange the peace treaty at Vincennes, Indiana. The next year he acted as adviser for a similar group consisting of General Lincoln, Colonel Pickering, and Governor Beverly Randolph, going by way of the Iroquois country to Detroit. In 1801 he returned to Gnadenhiitten, and for nine years administered the Indian “estate” on the Muskingum, held in trust by the Society for Propagating the Gospel, for the benefit of the descendants of the Indians of the former mission. By this time most of these had been transferred, largely through his efforts and energy, to Fairfield, Canada. He returned with his family to Bethlehem in 1810 where new labors awaited him.
At the solicitation of Caspar Wistar of the American Philosophical Society Heckewelder gave the last years of his life to the work of recording some of the knowledge of Indian life that he had acquired. As a result his “Account of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations, Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States” was published in The Transactions of the Historical Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society. In 1819 a German edition appeared in Gottingen, 1821, and a French, in Paris, in 1822. This work was denounced in the North American Review, January 1826 for its alleged naive acceptance of Indian traditions as facts, but was vindicated with some success by William Rawle, in Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
( First published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvan...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
Heckewelder was a member of the Moravian Church.
Heckewelder was a member of the American Antiquarian Society.
In 1780 Heckewelder married Sarah Ohneberg of Nazareth, Pennsylvania, their wedding, the first of a white couple in Ohio, taking place in the chapel of the station at Salem.