An Analytical Compendium of the Various Branches of Medical Science: For the Use and Examination of Students
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Outlines of the Nerves; With Short Descriptions. Designed for the Use of Medical Students
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John Neill was an American surgeon. He is remembered more for his work during the war than for his activities in civil life.
Background
John Neill was born on July 9, 1819 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. He was the son of Doctor Henry and Martha R. (Duffield) Neill, and a grandson of Doctor Benjamin Duffield, one of the founders of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. He was descended from John Neill who probably emigrated from Tyrone, County Ulster, Ireland, to America about 1739.
Education
Neill was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1840 received the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Career
Neill made a voyage to the West Indies, in charge of a patient, and in 1842 returned to his native city to begin practice. In the autumn of the same year he was made an assistant demonstrator, and in 1845 he became demonstrator of anatomy, in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania.
In 1849, during the epidemic of cholera in Philadelphia, he contracted the disease, probably while making postmortem examinations of patients in the Southeast Cholera Hospital. In 1852 he was elected surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital, but he resigned this position in 1859. From 1854 to 1859 he was professor of surgery in the medical department of Pennsylvania College; he was also for some years surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital at Blockley. During the Civil War Neill's enterprise and activity were much in evidence. On the day of the announcement of the fall of Fort Sumter, he drove about the city in search of public buildings adaptable to hospital purposes. He found such a place on Christian Street above Ninth and obtained permission from the mayor of the city to take possession of it.
In 1863, upon the invasion of Pennsylvania by Lee's army, he was appointed medical director of the forces from the state, and, under General William F. Smith, he established military hospitals at Carlisle and Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, and at Hagerstown, Maryland. In 1862 he had been given rank as surgeon of volunteers, and in 1863, for meritorious services in the Gettysburg campaign, he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. In 1874 Neill was elected to the chair of clinical surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, but it appears that he was not entirely in sympathy with the removal of the University to West Philadelphia, and he resigned his chair the next year.
Early in life he acquired a certain popularity with medical students, not only by his "quiz" classes, but by the publication of three little books with colored figures, on the arteries, the veins, and the nerves, and by the compilation, in conjunction with Doctor Francis Gurney Smith, of An Analytical Compendium of the Various Branches of Medical Science (1848). It is said that in later life he frequently expressed regret that "he had ever been connected with a publication, however successful, which contributed so largely to make medical education superficial". He published in 1852 The Principles and Practice of Surgery, an American edition of the work of William Pirrie, and just before his last illness is said to have projected an original work on the principles or surgery.
He died in Philadelphia in his sixty-first year.
Achievements
Neill invented an apparatus for the treatment of fractures of the leg, modified Desault's splint for fractures of the femur and established the first United States Military Hospital in Philadelphia.