Background
Toreno was born at Oviedo on the November 25, 1786. His family was wealthy and belonged to the most ancient nobility of Asturias. His mother, Dorninga Ruiz de Saravia, had property in the province of Cuenca.
(Excerpt from Historia del Levantamiento, Guerra y Revoluc...)
Excerpt from Historia del Levantamiento, Guerra y Revolución de España, Vol. 1 Menester pues era que para darles la cºnveniente 6rmeza se au nasen ambas naciºnes, asemejándose en la fºrma de su gºbiernº cºnfundiendºse bajº la direccion de persºnas de una misma fa milia, segun que se mudaba y trastrocaba en Francia la cºnstitu cion del estadº,,asi era que apenas aquel gabinete tenia un respirº susurrábanse prºyectos variºs untábanse en Bayºna trºpas en viabanse expediciºnes contra Pºrtugal ó aparecian muchos y clarºs indicios de querer entrometerse en lºs asuntºs interiºres de la pe ninsula hispana. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Excerpt from Historia del Levantamiento, Guerra y Revolución de España, Vol. 2 Zaragoza al esparcirse la nueva, en la noche del 14 de junio, de haber sido aquel dia derrotado Don José de Palafox en las cercanías de Ala gon, segun dijimos en el anterior libro. Desaper cibidos sus habitantes tan solamente hallaron consuelo con la presencia de su amado caudillo, que no tardó en regresar á la ciudad. Mas el enemigo no dió descanso ni vagar. Siguieron de cerca á Palafox y tras él vimeron pr0posicio nes del general Lefebvre Desnouettes á fin de que se rindiese con un pliego enderezado al propio objeto y firmado 1por los emisarios e5pa ñoles Castelfranco Ville a y Pereira que acom pañaban al ejército francés, y de quienes ya hi 01mos mencwn. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Toreno was born at Oviedo on the November 25, 1786. His family was wealthy and belonged to the most ancient nobility of Asturias. His mother, Dorninga Ruiz de Saravia, had property in the province of Cuenca.
He received a better education in classics, mathematics and modern languages than was usual at that time. The young viscount of Matarrosa, the title he bore in his fathers lifetime, was introduced to the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau by the abbot of the Benedictine house of Montserrat in Madrid.
He was present at Madrid when the city rose against the French occupation led by Marshal Murat on 2 May 1808, and took part in the struggle which was the beginning of the Peninsular War.
From Madrid he escaped to Asturias, and on May 30 he embarked in a Jersey privateer at Gijon, with other delegates, in order to ask for the help of England against the French. The deputation was enthusiastically received in London. By December 30 he was back in Asturias, his father having died in the interval. During the Peninsular War he saw some service in the first occupation of Asturias by the French, but he was mainly occupied by his duties as a member of the Cortes. In 1809 he was at Seville, where one of his uncles was a member of the central Junta. In the following year he was a leader of the party which compelled the Regency to summon the Cortes to which he was elected by Asturias early in 1811 though he was short several months of the legal age of twenty-five. His election was opposed by some of his own relatives who did not share his opinions, but it was ratified by the Cortes.
Toreno was conspicuous among the well-meaning men who framed the liberal and republican constitution of 1812. When the authoritarian King Ferdinand VII returned from prison in France in 1814 Toreno foresaw a reaction, and put himself out of reach of the king. He was the more an object of suspicion because his brother-in-law, Juan Díaz Porlier, perished in a wild attempt to support the constitution by force. Toreno remained in exile till the outbreak of the revolution of 1820. Between that year and 1823 he was in Spain serving in the restored Cortes, and experience had abated his radical ardour. When the French intervened in 1823 Toreno had again to go into exile, and remained abroad till the king published the amnesty of October 15, 1832.
He returned home in July 1833, but remained on his estates till the king's death on September 29. As hereditary standard bearer of Asturias (Alferez Mayor) it fell to him to proclaim the young queen, Isabella II. In 1834 his now moderate opinions pointed him out to the queen regent, Maria Christina, as a useful man for office. In June 1834 he was minister of finance, and became the 2nd Prime Minister of Spain on June 7. His tenure of the premiership lasted only till September 14 of the same year, when the regents attempt to retain a practically despotic government under a thin constitutional veil broke down. The greater part of the remainder of his life was spent in voluntary exile, and he died in Paris on September 16, 1843
Toreno is chiefly remembered as the author of the History of the Rising, War and Revolution of Spain, which he began between 1823 and 183 2 and published in 1836-1838 in Paris. As a work of military criticism it is not of high value, and Toreno was prejudiced in favour of his colleagues of the Cortes, whose errors and excesses he shared in and excused. The book is, however, written in excellent Castilian, and was compiled with industry.
(Excerpt from Historia del Levantamiento, Guerra y Revoluc...)
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