Background
Joseph Ray Buchanan was born on December 6, 1851 in Hannibal, Missouri, the son of Robert Sylvester and Mary Ellen (Holt) Buchanan.
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Joseph Ray Buchanan was born on December 6, 1851 in Hannibal, Missouri, the son of Robert Sylvester and Mary Ellen (Holt) Buchanan.
Joseph attended public schools for his studies.
After leaving the public schools Buchanan was for a time variously employed. About 1876 he obtained work on a Hannibal newspaper, where he learned typesetting. Two years later he went to Denver, where he set type on a daily newspaper, later becoming its managing editor. With a partner he started a printing office, but he soon gave it up and went to prospecting, from which he turned again to typesetting, this time on a newspaper in Leadville, Colorado.
The entrance of the first railway into Leadville, in the summer of 1880 brought to the town hundreds of men in search of work, glutting the labor market. The mine owners thereupon ordered a reduction of wages, and a strike followed. The contest was carried on with great bitterness, and the leaders of the striking miners were fiercely assailed. Buchanan had made his first acquaintance with the labor movement in Denver, where he had joined the Typographical Union. He had become an ardent trade-unionist and soon became prominent in the strike.
A vigilance committee ordered him to leave town; he resisted the order for a time, but on his friends' advice obeyed, and in the spring of 1881 returned to Denver, where he resumed work as a typesetter. In 1882 he was the Denver representative at the convention of the International Typographical Union, and in December, with Samuel H. Laverty as partner, he started a weekly newspaper, the Labor Enquirer.
In 1886 he was a delegate to its convention in Richmond, where, against his protests, action was taken which brought on an open warfare between the two bodies and caused the ruin of the Knights of Labor. His newspaper had been a financial failure from the start and had been maintained only by great personal sacrifice.
In 1887 he turned it over to others and moved to Chicago. Here he was active in the unsuccessful effort to obtain a commutation of the sentences of the men convicted of the Haymarket bomb throwing. In 1888 he moved to New York, subsequently making his home in Montclair, New Jersey. For many years he was the labor editor of the plate service furnished by the American Press Association. Twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in the Montclair district, he each time made an active campaign.
From 1904 to 1915 he was the labor editor of the New York Evening Journal, and from February 1918 to July 1921 a member of the conciliation council of the Department of Labor. His last years were inactive.
He died at his home in Montclair.
In the brief but successful strike of the Union Pacific shopmen against a wage reduction in May 1884, he acted as adviser, as also, about the same time, in the strike of the Colorado coal miners. He was further active in the strike of the shopmen on the Gould lines and later on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad in the spring of 1885. In the growing conflict between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor he essayed the futile role of peacemaker. He had joined the former organization in 1882 and two years later had been elected to its general board.
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A Socialist in principle, he belonged for a time to the Socialist Labor party, but he did not join the newer organization, the Socialist party. He was one of the organizers of the People's (Populist) party, which held its first convention in Omaha in 1892, and he served on its national committee in 1892, 1896, and 1900. He was also a member of Hearst's Independence League, and in his Denver years had been a member of the International Workmen's Association. To the end he was a devoted trade-unionist.
In labor politics Buchanan was an opportunist. His policy of "seeking the line of least resistance" carried him into and out of many radical and reform organizations.
He was an eloquent and forceful speaker. Tall, somewhat slender, with a shock of unruly hair that even in his middle years had become white, and bearing himself with a native grace of manner, he was an impressive figure on the platform. His personality was attractive, his character was honest, and in the fierce conflicts that from time to time divided the labor and radical movements he retained the esteem even of those who strongly opposed him.
On December 16, 1879, he was married to Lucy A. Clise.
