Background
Born on December 6, 1778 at Saint-Léonard in the department of Vienne, Joseph Gay-Lussac came from a solidly bourgeois family.
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol. 36 Dans mon premier Mémoire, j'ai cherché à repro duire les combinaisons chimiques les plus analogues à ces combinaisons sans nombre, qui se forment naturel lement à la surface de la terre au moyen de l'oxigène de l'air et en recueillent les quantités d'électricité qui se dégagent dans ces phénomènes', j'ai été conduit à cette conséquence que le mouvement chimique qui se produit sans cesse dans la végétation est une source qui répand sans cesse de l'électricité dans l'atmosphère. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol. 69 La force magnétique de la terre varie d'un lieu à un autre en direction et en intensité; elle dépend de la distribution des deux ?uides magnétiques dans la masse du 'globe qui ne nous est pas connue. Cette force et sa direction en un point donné ne peuvent donc être dé terminées qnc par l'e1périence. Ce sont les observations qui montrent en e?'et, qu'en tous les points de l'hémi sphère boréal lo pôle austral de l'aiguille aimantée s'a baisse au dessous du plan horizontal mené par son point 'de suspension et que ce même pôle s'élève au dessus de 'cc plan dans l'hémisphère austral. Toutefois, la courbe qui sépare ces deux hémisphères magnétiques est une ligne à double courbure*qui s'écs rte notablement de l'é. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1832, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1832, Vol. 51 Les recherches que je fis il y a quelques années sur la composi tion de l'hydrogène phosphoré (1) ne s'accor dent pas avec celles que publièrent en même temps M. Dumas (a) à Paris, et M. Bu?' (3) à Giessen. Je crus de mon devoir de répéter les expériences entreprises par ces chimistes à ce sujet, et d'en faire de nouvelles. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol. 34 Avant d'uposex' les phénomènes qui sont l'obj et de ce Mémoire je crois devoir rappeler les découvertes récentes qui m'ont servi de point de départ, et quel ques - unes des expériences qu'elles ont fait naître. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Instruction pour l'Usage de l'Alcoomètre Cen...)
Excerpt from Instruction pour l'Usage de l'Alcoomètre Centésimal Et des Tables Qui l'Accompagnent LE travail sur l'alcoomètre centésimal, dont p publie aujourd' hui les résultats, a été commencé il y a plusieurs années. Quoiqu'il fût encore incom plet., Je me déterminai à le présenter à l' Adminis tration des Contributions indirectes. Les avantages. Que le commerce et la Régie devaient en retirer furent promptement reconnus: je fus engagé à le terminer. L'approbation que l'académie royale des Sciences a donnée à ce travail après en avoir fait l'examen sur l'invitation de LL. Eez mm.1eë Mi nimes des finances et de l'intérieur et son utilité démontrée aux Cham'bres et sanctionnée par une loi, sont pour moi un dédommagement bien hono rable du temps qu 'il m' a coûté. Je dois m 'applaudir au) ourd' hui de l'avoir entrepris. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1834, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1834, Vol. 57 Géodaie, doit être considéré. Comme un a...; a., mière utilité a là: l'origine appelé 1'ateqüm des ph. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1823, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1823, Vol. 23 Cette cause Qt le dégagement de chaleur qui a toujours lieu pendant la compression de l'lir, ou la production du froid qui accompagne sa dilatation. Il en résulte que pendant que l'air se compri'me ou se diléte, sa tempé rature augmente ou diminue; sa force élastique varie donc, non-seulement à raison du changement de den sité mais aussi à raison de cette variation de tempéra ture, et par conséquent dans un plus,, rand rapport que la densité. La loi de Mariette suivant laquelle, à tem pérature égale la densité est proportionnelle à la pres sion ne s 'observe qu après la compression ou la dila tation de l'air, et lorsqu'on a donné au ?uide le temps de reprendre sa température primitive. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work, maintaining the same format as the original work. While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol. 35 Pour tout ce qui tient aux recherches antérieures à celles de MM. De La Roche et Bérard on ne peut faire mieux que de consulter l'introduction qu'ils ont placée en tête de leur Mémoire. On y trouve l'exposé exact des méthodes employées avant eux et des inconvéniena que présente l'emploi de ces méthodes. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1847, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1847, Vol. 20 J'ai examiné depuis, sous le même point de vue un cer tain nombre d'autres liquides et j'cspère montrer que tous nous conduisent à unc conclusion tout à fait semblable. Ll est à peine nécessaire de rappeler que j'ai toujours vérifié moi - même avec le plus grand soin la pureté des liquides dont je me suis servi puisque, sans cette condition mon travail ne pouvait offrir aucun intérêt scientifique. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique: Table des ...)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique: Table des Tomes I A XXX Le titre de chaque mémoire n'est pas répété; on le trouvera au nom de son objet principal ou de l'un de ses objets principaux; aux noms des autres objets, on lira un numéro de renvoi à l'article où le titre est inscrit en entier. J'ai eu soin comme ou pourra s'en convaincre aisément, de ne pas exposer le lecteur a deux renvois. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1824, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1824, Vol. 26 Recherches Sur les Usages de la membrane dzâ tympan de l'oreille eeeme. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Untersuchungen Über das Jod Das Jod schmilz...)
Excerpt from Untersuchungen Über das Jod Das Jod schmilzt in einer Wärme von 1070 0. Unter einem Druck von 76 Centimeter Quaksilberhöhe verfittchtigt es sich in einer Wärme von 175 oder 1800 0. Um diese letzteren Be stimmungen mit Genauigkeit zu erhalten, habe ich Jod in concen trirte Schwefelsäure, welche nur wenig auf dasselbe einwirkt. Im Ueberschuss gothan, und beobachtet, bis zu welcher Tempe ratur die Schwefelsäure erhitzt werden konnte, bis die Jod dämpfe die Säure durchbrachen. Zwei Versuche, welche unter etwas verschiedenen Umständen angestellt wurden, gaben mir seinen Siedepunkt, der eine 1750, der andere 1800 Das Jod geht mit Wasser, welchem man es beigemengt hat, beim Destilliren über; man glaubte daher anfangs, es habe ungefähr einerlei Flüchtigkeit mit dem Wasser, dieses ist aber ein Irrthum. In der Siedehitze des Wassers vermengt sich der Dampf des Jods mit dem Wasserdampfe in 8 eben der Menge, in der er einen eben so grossen leeren Raum ausfüllen würde. Und wird in den Recipienten mit hinüber gerissen, in welchem er sich verdichtet; und so Hesse sich daher das Jod in einer noch weit geringeren Hitze überdestilliren Dieselbe Erscheinung findet bei den ätherischen Oeleu statt, welche fiir sich allein erst in einer Wärme von ungefähr 1550 C. Kochen, und die man doch, wenn man sie mit Wasser'ver'mengt hat, bei einer Wärme von 1000 C. Überdestillirt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1820, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1820, Vol. 13 On a cru rémmeut pouvoir expliquer ces faits supposant, que la aurfaoe de-la paroi. Intérieure du tube capillaire exam sur l'eau une action à distance qui fait adhérer à surface une de qui dimi nue d'autant le hyori du îub'e Îopàe. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol. 67 L'nzote paraît être un élément constant des végétaux, et l'on est assez généralement porté à croire que les sub stances alimentaires, tirées du règne végétal, doivent une grande partie de leur faculté nutri tive aux principes azotés qui s'y rencontrent. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1819, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1819, Vol. 11 Fait par M. Arago l'amdérm'e des Sciences, au nom de la Commission qui avait été chargée d'examiner les Mémoires envoyés au concours. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1817, Vol....)
Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1817, Vol. 5 Chez crochad, Libraire, rue de Sori>omoe, n° 3, près celle des Malhurins. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Born on December 6, 1778 at Saint-Léonard in the department of Vienne, Joseph Gay-Lussac came from a solidly bourgeois family.
The storms of the French Revolution delayed his education, but largely by his own disciplined self-teaching, he passed the examinations and was admitted to the prestigious École Polytechnique in 1797. Here he became the protégé of Claude Louis Berthollet.
In these early years Gay-Lussac's skill as an experimenter and scientific instrument maker was well developed.
In 1802 he published a law of the expansion of gases by heat, which became known as Charles' law. In 1804 he made an ascent of 23, 000 feet in a balloon to collect samples of the atmosphere for chemical analyses and to measure the dependence of the earth's magnetic field on elevation. In 1806 Gay-Lussac was elected to the Institut de France, and in 1809 he became a professor of chemistry at the École Polytechnique and professor of physics at the Sorbonne. He invented the portable barometer, steam injector pump, and air thermometer and improved the spirit lamp and the chemist's furnace. In addition to his work on these laboratory devices, he contributed to the production and improvement of industrial chemical machinery and processes, above all in the important sulfuric acid tower which bears his name.
In 1805-1806, through the intervention of Berthollet, Gay-Lussac accompanied the scientific explorer Alexander von Humboldt on his expedition through Italy and Germany making measurements of terrestrial magnetism. While in Rome, the young chemist was able to use the laboratory of Wilhelm von Humboldt, on which occasion he discovered the presence of fluorides and phosphates in the bones of fish.
In addition to his well-known work on the combining properties of gases, Gay-Lussac also worked on the determination of vapor densities, and the coefficients of expansion of gases, in which he pioneered the procedures, and contributed to the careful quantitative measurements that in later years were so useful for grounding the kinetic theory of gases and thermal physics. He published his most influential work in 1808, the law of combining volumes of gases.
Some of Gay-Lussac's best work, however, was done in close collaboration with Louis Jacques Thénard, the chemist who created the foundations of organic analysis. Together they produced the alkali metals in quantity by reacting fused alkalis with red-hot iron. Napoleon made considerable sums available to the École Polytechnique to support their work on electrolysis. However, though aware of the theoretical importance of the electrolytic process, they elaborated a more efficient method of producing the alkali metals.
Gay-Lussac investigated (1813-1814) the chemical properties of iodine and described his findings in a number of papers presented to the Institut de France. However, Sir Humphry Davy, visiting in Paris at the time, wrote a particularly insulting note to the scientific world claiming priority for the discovery of the elemental nature of iodine, asserting that Gay-Lussac had learned the fundamental properties of iodine from him. In yet another controversy Gay-Lussac and Thénard claimed a priority of 36 hours for their isolation of boron. They claimed that the experiment was completed on June 21, 1800, and the results sent to Geneva for publication, whereas Davy's announcement was supposedly dated June 30. It should be noted that the potassium that Davy used to treat borax was produced by using the Thénard-Gay-Lussac method.
The French partners also carried out extensive investigations on the composition of hydrochloric acid. Individual work by Gay-Lussac on the properties of the sulfates and sulfides, as well as other salts, was an important step in the perfection of what later became known as volumetric analysis. He compiled extensive solubility charts for numerous compounds. Classic work on cyanogen compounds was carried out by him largely on his own. He was also the first to recognize that the CN combination was stable and behaved as a radical in the various combinations into which it entered.
Gay-Lussac served in 1818 as superintendent of the government gunpowder plant and as chief assayer of the national mint in 1829. He died on May 9, 1850.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac is distinguished for his work on gas laws and for his studies of the properties of cyanogen and iodine. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen (with Alexander von Humboldt), for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol-water mixtures, which led to the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries.
King Louis Philippe raised him to the peerage in 1839. The honor had been delayed for 17 years, for, argued the old aristocracy, Gay-Lussac worked with his hands.
His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
A crater on the moon has been named in his honor.
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique: Table des ...)
(Excerpt from Instruction pour l'Usage de l'Alcoomètre Cen...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(Excerpt from Untersuchungen Über das Jod Das Jod schmilz...)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1832, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1834, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1823, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1827, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1847, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1824, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1820, Vol....)
(Excerpt from Annales de Chimie Et de Physique, 1838, Vol....)
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Quotations:
"If one were not animated with the desire to discover laws, they would escape the most enlightened attention. "
"We are perhaps not far removed from the time when we shall be able to submit the bulk of chemical phenomena to calculation. "
"In the natural sciences, and particularly in chemistry, generalities must come after the detailed knowledge of each fact and not before it. "
"At Arcueil . .. I dined in distinguished company. .. There was a lot of very interesting discussion. It is these gatherings which are the joy of life. "
"Compounds of gaseous substances with each other are always formed in very simple ratios, so that representing one of the terms by unity, the other is 1, 2, or at most 3 . .. The apparent contraction of volume suffered by gas on combination is also very simply related to the volume of one of them. "
In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.
Gay-Lussac married Geneviève-Marie-Joseph Rojot in 1809. He had first met her when she worked as a linen draper's shop assistant and was studying a chemistry textbook under the counter. He fathered five children, of whom the eldest (Jules) became assistant to Justus Liebig in Giessen.
