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engineer military scientist Soldier
Joseph was born on August 23, 1788 in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Peter and Grace (Mansfield) Totten. His mother died when Joseph was three years old and his father shortly afterward was appointed vice-consul at Santa Cruz in the West Indies. The guardianship of the boy thus fell upon his uncle, Jared Mansfield, a Yale graduate who was selected in 1802 as the first professor of mathematics at the United States Military Academy.
Joseph became a cadet, in November 1802 at the United States Military Academy and was graduated and commissioned a second lieutenant of engineers, July 1, 1805, the tenth graduate of West Point. As a cadet he had been outstanding in scholarship, industry, "gentlemanly deportment, " and popularity.
In 1829 he was awarded the honorary degree of A. M. by Brown University.
Immediately upon his graduation he was made secretary to his uncle, who had been appointed surveyor general of the Northwestern Territory, in charge of the first systematic survey of the new states of the Union. In order to pursue the requisite explorations, Totten resigned from the army Mar. 31, 1806, but was reappointed to the same rank and corps two years later. He was promoted first lieutenant July 23, 1810, and captain July 31, 1812.
From the time of his return to the service, he acted as assistant engineer of the harbor defenses of New York City, with special supervision of Fort Clinton at Castle Garden, and of the defenses of New Haven, New London, and Sag Harbor.
At the beginning of the War of 1812, he was made chief engineer of the army on the Niagara frontier, where he rendered conspicuous and active service in harbor and fortress defense, winning the brevet of major, June 6, 1813. For gallant conduct at the battle of Plattsburg he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, September 11, 1814.
There followed more than two decades of service on various engineering boards, in the planning and erection of coast defenses, and the execution of river and harbor improvements, during which time he was promoted major in 1818, lieutenant-colonel in 1828, and colonel, December 7, 1838.
With the last commission he was simultaneously made chief engineer of the army and inspector of the United States Military Academy, both of which posts he held uninterruptedly for over a quarter of a century, until his death.
When Gen. Winfield Scott undertook the southern campaign in the Mexican War, he took Totten with him as chief engineer and member of his "Little Cabinet. " Totten originated the detailed and successful plan of operations at Vera Cruz, and was brevetted brigadier-general as of March 29, 1847, for "gallant and meritorious conduct" at the siege. He was also one of the commissioners at the capitulation.
In 1851 when the Lighthouse Board was legally established, Totten became a member, serving until 1858 and again from 1860 till his death. In this capacity he was instrumental in establishing and maintaining a system of lighting by Fresnel lenses.
His name is particularly associated with the lights at Seven-Foot Knoll, off Baltimore, and Minot's Ledge off Cohasset, Massachussets, difficult works to which he devoted all his energy and talents. For these contributions alone, according to a colleague, Gen. John G. Barnard, he is entitled to recognition among the Smeatons, Stevensons, and Brunels as one of the great engineers of the age.
Between 1851 and 1855 he conducted a series of experiments on the effects of firing heavy ordnance from casemate embrasures. He was chosen as a member of the New York state commission on the improvement and preservation of New York Harbor, and to a similar capacity with the Massachusetts commission on Boston Harbor. In 1859-61 he made a reconnaissance of the Pacific Coast in order to determine its state of defense.
During the Civil War he continued to be chief engineer of the army and on March 3, 1863, was made a brigadier-general. He was active in supervising the defensive works around Washington and was a member of the commission to examine them. He was president of the retiring board for disabled officers in 1861 and a member of the board appointed to regulate and fix the heavy ordnance (1861 - 62).
One day before he died he was brevetted a major-general by Congress "for long, faithful and eminent service. "
In addition to his reports on national defenses and his essays on ordnance, he published Essays on Hydraulic and Common Mortars and on Lime-Burning (1838), a translation from the French, with added notes of his own, which aided engineering progress materially.
Before the close of the Civil War he died suddenly of pneumonia, survived by two daughters.
Joseph Gilbert Totten fought in the War of 1812, served as Chief of Engineers and was regent of the Smithsonian Institution and cofounder of the National Academy of Sciences. The order of the Secretary of War announcing his death stated that "his military career of more than half a century has been one of continued usefulness and distinguished services. " Several military and civil locations have been named after General Totten. The Civil War era Fort Totten was built as part of the Defenses of Washington, D. C. A few earthworks remain in Fort Totten Park, and the surrounding neighborhood, an apartment house development (Aventine Fort Totten), and a Washington DC Metro station still bear the name. The City of New York maintains a historic former US Army fort in New York City in Queens. Fort Totten, North Dakota hosts Fort Totten State Historic Site, named for the General, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. Tottenville, Staten Island was named for the family of an older relative of General Totten who was one of three "Captain Tottens" that supported the Loyalist cause during the American Revolution. See "Who was Who in America" and "American Bibliography" for more information. Robert E. Lee surveyed Biscayne Bay (Miami, Florida) in 1850 for the Army Corps of Engineers under COL Joseph Totten. Lee named Totten Key just south of Caesars Creek for him. Totten Street located on Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri.
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution from its establishment in 1846 until his death, and in 1863, a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1816 he married Catlyna Pearson of Albany, New York, who bore him three sons and four daughters.
(1757–1813)
(1831–1854)
(1821–1842)
(d. 1843)
(1816–1857)
(1826–1853)
(September 11, 1818 – October 1, 1871) He was a career American soldier who served in the United States Army and retired from active service in 1870 as the Assistant Inspector General.
(1770–1792)
(February 3, 1851 – April 12, 1908) He was an American military officer, a professor of military tactics, a prolific writer, and an influential early advocate of British Israelism.
(December 22, 1803 – September 18, 1862) He was a career United States Army officer, civil engineer, and a Union general in the American Civil War, mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam.
