composer statesman Minister of Finance
Bitter was born on February 27, 1813, Schwedt, Brandenburg, Germany, and studied law and cameralistics at Berlin and Bonn. He served as the plenipotentiary of Prussia on the Danube Commission from 1856 to 1860, was prefect of the Department of Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War. He later became minister of finance (1879), an office in which he displayed exceptional ability.
Bitter studied law and cameralistics at Berlin and Bonn.
Bitter served as the plenipotentiary of Prussia on the Danube Commission from 1856 to 1860, was prefect of the Department of Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War. He later became minister of finance (1879), an office in which he displayed exceptional ability. He increased the indirect duties derived from the so-called tobacco monopoly and the tax on spirits and malt, and introduced the “Börsensteuer” (tax on the bourse). He concluded the commercial treaty with the city of Hamburg by which that city entered the German Customs Union. On 25 May 1881 this agreement was signed between Bitter and the State Secretary of the imperial Treasury, on the one hand, Hamburg's Plenipotentiary Senators Versmann and O'Swald, and the envoy of the Hanseatic states in Berlin Dr. Krüger, on the other. It stated that Hamburg was ready to accede to the Customs Union with all its territory, but excluding a permanent free port district which it specified. For this district, Article 34 of the imperial constitution would still apply, thus the freedoms of that district could not be abolished or restricted without Hamburg's approval.
Johan Sebastijan Bah
(1st edition - 1865, 2 volumes; 2nd - 1881, 4 volumes))
1865K. Ph. E. und W. Friedemann Bach und deren Brüder
(2 volumes)
1868Mozart's Don Juan und Gluck's Iphigenia in Tauris; ein Versuch neuer Übersetzungen
1866Über Gervinus Händel u. Shakespeare
1869Beitrage zur Gesch. des Oratoriums
1872Studie zum Stabat Mater
1883Die Reform der Oper durch Gluck und Wagner
1884
