Career
He was one of the original "historical leaders" of the FLN"s 1 November 1954 uprising against French colonialism. A top leader of the FLN"s interior armed action in the 1954-1962 Algerian war of independence. He was a key participant at the negotiations of Evian who insisted on the integrity of the entire Algerian territory including the Sahara and its resources.
On independence in 1962, he opposed the victorious military-backed takeover of Ahmed Ben Bella, and was arrested.
On his release, he left politics, and spent the remainder of his career in various non-political administrative and business posts.
