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pathologist assistant professor
Gardner was born on December 9, 1888 in New Britain, Connecticut, the eldest in a family of four sons and two daughters of Irving Isaac Gardner and Inez Baldwin (Upson) Gardner. His father, a real estate and insurance broker, was descended from Scottish-Irish forebears who settled in the United States early in the seventeenth century; his mother was of French-English lineage.
As a boy, Gardner enjoyed collecting plants and minerals and become a skillful woodworker. He attended public schools in Meriden, Connecticut, graduated with the B. A. degree from Yale College in 1912, and then entered the Yale School of Medicine.
Gardner developd a strong interest in pathology and after receiving the M. D. degree in 1914, became an intern in the laboratories of Frank B. Mallory, professor of pathology at Harvard Medical School, whose base of operations was the Boston City Hospital. In 1916 Gardner was made instructor in pathology at the medical school, where he continued the histopathologic research he had started under Mallory. In 1917 Gardner was appointed assistant professor of pathology in the Yale School of Medicine. As the United States mobilized for its entry into World War I, however, he entered military service and was assigned, as first lieutenant in the Army Medical Corps, to Camp Devens, Massachussets There it was discovered that he had pulmonary tuberculosis. He was discharged from service and entered the Trudeau Sanatorium near Saranac Lake, New York, a pioneer institution famous for its treatment of tuberculosis. As a patient, he developed a deep concern with the disease, which determined the course of his professional career. In 1918, while still under medical observation, he moved to the Saranac Laboratory, in the town of Saranac Lake, as pathologist of the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation to carry out research in tuberculosis. Early in this service, he became interested in the striking disparity between the high death rate from tuberculosis among granite cutters in the nearby quarries of Barre, Vermont, and the relatively low mortality from the same cause among marble cutters. This difference led him to investigate the role of mineral dusts in tuberculosis. In carefully planned experiments using tuberculous and normal guinea pigs, he showed that the inhalation of granite dust injured the lungs and hastened the progress of tuberculosis. His first report, published in 1920, remains a medical classic. In a series of later experiments, he demonstrated that the silica particles in the dust to which granite cutters were exposed were responsible for activating the slight latent tuberculosis common at that time to persons in all walks of life and stimulating the progress of active disease. Gardner was a mechanical genius in devising research apparatus, and his organization of equipment for producing silicosis in laboratory animals by the inhalation of dust soon became a model for similar experimental studies in other laboratories. He showed unequivocally that inhalation of silica dust caused progress of tuberculosis in guinea pigs previously infected with mild, nonprogressive forms of the disease, whereas latent tuberculosis remained stable in animals not exposed to silica dust. Later he developed many ramifications of these experiments and investigated the pathogenicity of a variety of mineral dusts. His work received strong encouragement from industry and labor and was an important factor in the devising and imposing of safety measures to mitigate dust hazards in mining operations. His advice and assistance were sought by research institutions in many parts of the world. True to his original training, Gardner remained a pathologist in his outlook. He was not satisfied with the important results of his investigations for the diagnosis, prevention, and practical control of tuberculosis and silicosis, but went deeply into the basic pathologic mechanisms through which silica exerted its damaging effects. He also studied possible ameliorating influences in the treatment of silicosis, such as the apparently favorable role of aluminum therapy. His more than 100 published papers included fundamental observations on the pathogenesis of the two diseases. His book, Tuberculosis: Bacteriology, Pathology, and Laboratory Diagnosis, written with Edward R. Baldwin and S. A. Petroff, appeared in 1927. Although Gardner was primarily a laboratory investigator, administrative responsibilities were steadly pressed upon him. He was made director of the Saranac Laboratory for Tuberculosis in 1927, and in 1938 he became director of the Trudeau Foundation, succeeding the noted tuberculosis investigator Edward R. Baldwin. He organized a series of symposia there on silicosis and tuberculosis in industry, which attracted large numbers of physicians and scientific investigators, many of whom later became leaders in the field. Gardner traveled abroad repeatedly as a consultant on the prevention and control of diseases caused by mineral dust. For several years he was special consultant for the U. S. Department of Health. He served as a United States delegate to the first international conference on silicosis (1930) in South Africa, where the disease was rampant among miners, and to international labor conferences in London and Geneva. Intensely loyal to the village of Saranac Lake, he served as a trustee of the village and a trustee of the Presbyterian church. Gardner died suddenly at the age of fifty-seven at his home in Saranac Lake of coronary thrombosis and was buried at St. John's in the Wilderness at Paul Smith's, New York, not far from Saranac Lake.
Gardner's wide influence in professional and administrative affairs was favored by a remarkably warm and genial personality. His many staunch friends valued him as reliable and utterly trustworthy.
On June 22, 1915, Gardner married Carabelle McKenzie; they had two children, Margaret and Dorothy. The family were Presbyterians.
