Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach was a German philosopher and anthropologist. He is noted for his criticism of Orthodox religion.
It may be said that he humanized God while deifying man.
Background
Ludwig, the fourth son of the eminent jurist (see below), was born at Landshut in Bavaria on July 28, 1804.
Through the influence of Prof. Daub he was led to an interest in the then predominant philosophy of Hegel and, in spite of his father's opposition, went to Berlin to study under- the master himself.
Education
He studied at the University of Heidelberg and then switched from theology to philosophy and moved to the University of Berlin, where he became a diligent student of G. W. F. Hegel.
In 1828 he received his doctorate at the University of Erlangen.
Career
His first book, published anonymously, Gedanken iiber Tod und Unsterblichkeit (1830), contains an attack upon personal immortality and an advocacy of the Spinozistic immortality of reabsorption in nature.
In the following years he tried unsuccessfully to obtain a professorship.
Even his scholarly books were of no help: From Bacon to Spinoza (1833), Leibniz (1836), and Pierre Bayle (1838).
In 1839 his criticism of Hegel became evident.
Accordingly, Feuerbach sees in God the purified essence of man himself and the unlimited ideal of man's capabilities.
He insists that religion is necessary for man's search for himself and that it separates man from the animals.
However, for him it was not God who became man; in fact, it is man who intends to conceive his own real essence in Jesus Christ.
In 1844 Feuerbach revised The Essence of Christianity.
Further writings clarified his position, among them The Essence of Faith according to Luther (1844) and The Essence of Religion (1846).
Because of his strong criticism of religion he was never given opportunity to join any faculty in Germany.
He lived in an idyllic retreat at Bruckberg and in 1857 published his Theogony.
His last book, Gottheit, Freiheit und Unsterblichkeit, appeared in 1866. In 1868 he read the first volume of Marx's Capital and joined the Social-Democratic Party. After a long period of decline, he died on September 13, 1872.
Connections
He married in 1837 and lived a rural existence at Bruckberg near Nuremberg, supported by his wife's share in a small porcelain factory.