Career
One of the founders of Polish paramilitary pro-independence organizations in Austrian partition, and last commander of the 1st Brigade of Polish Legions. He was arrested by People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs on 27 October 1939 and imprisoned in Lwów and then in Moscow Lubyanka prison. After the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement of July 1941, he was released.
After the war he stayed in exile in the United Kingdom, where he died in March 1973.