Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Physiological Notes on Primary Education and...)
Excerpt from Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language
In modern times education has been recognized to be something more than an elegant luxury, designed exclusively for the benefit of the upper classes. It is a force, and a potent and indisputable means, not only for the training but for the evocation of forces. It is able, not only to convey information, but to in crease power. It is not simply a social convention, but a real means for attaining real ends. The final ends Of education are efficiency and repose. The educated person is he who knows how to get What he wants, and how to enjoy it when he has got it.
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The Question of Rest for Women During Menstruation
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Considerations on Flechsig's Gehirn Unci Seele (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Considerations on Flechsig's Gehirn Unci See...)
Excerpt from Considerations on Flechsig's Gehirn Unci Seele
But when we examine what is the efficient cause of the development of nerve tracts we find it in conditions with which functional significance has nothing to do. In 1876 Flechsig made the remark, which he now seems to have forgotten, namely, that the systematic development of nerve fibres must depend on the fact that the cells which produce the fibres ripen at different times.2 The con trast between the epochs of medullization of afferent and efferent tracts, upon which Flechsig so greatly insists, and which, indeed, he greatly exaggerates, depends entirely on the fact that these tracts have different trophic centres.
At eight months of foetal life, the mass of the core of the cerebral hemispheres is still gray. At this epoch white streaks of medullization appear in the following localities. The posterior central convolution and the upper half of the anterior.
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Essays on Hysteria, Brain-Tumor, and Some Other Cases of Nervous Disease (Classic Reprint)
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Excerpt from Essays on Hysteria, Brain-Tumor, and Some Other Cases of Nervous Disease
This can only be overcome by increasing the amount Of stimulus to which these elements are subjected. Conversely, the elements Of those centres, which are subjected to a preponderance Of stimulus, will perform the function Of storage most effectively, and, in SO do ing, will acquire preponderance over the others. And this is done by the sensory centres Of the brain.
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Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi was an English-born American physician, writer, and suffragist. She was the first woman to study medicine at the University of Paris, and had a long career practicing medicine, teaching, writing, and advocating for women's rights, especially in medical education.
Background
Jacobi was born Mary Corinna Putnam on August 31, 1842, in London, England, the eldest of the eleven children of the publisher, George Palmer Putnam, and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. On both sides she came of unmixed Puritan stock. In 1848, when she was five, the family returned to New York.
Education
Mary was precocious, with an active, dominant disposition. Free country life on Staten Island and later at Yonkers and Morrisania stimulated her imagination, developed independence of character which her desultory early home education did nothing to stifle. At fifteen she began to commute to an excellent New York public school, from which she was graduated in 1859.
Despite the then virulent prejudice against women in medicine, she early determined to become a physician, and her father placed no obstacles in the path of her "repulsive pursuit. " She took what training a woman might secure in America and was graduated in 1863 from the New York College of Pharmacy and in 1864 from the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later the Woman's Medical College), supplementing her work by hospital experience in Philadelphia and Boston, and by private study. Realizing that her preparation was seriously inadequate, Mary sailed for Paris in September 1866, to lay deliberate siege to the École de Médicine, in which no woman had yet set foot as a student. Rejected by the faculty, she entered hospital clinics and laboratories, attending lectures at the Jardin des Plantes and in the Collège de France, eking out her income by contributions to American newspapers and to Putnam's Magazine and Scribner's Monthly.
In the fall of 1867, she achieved admission to a class at the École Pratique, and in January she circumvented the faculty of the École de Médecine by appeal to the minister of public instruction, M. Duruy, for permission to attend the cours of a certain professor. Her appearance by a side door, the first woman to enter the historic amphitheatre, failed to precipitate the predicted riot, so thoroughly had she won respect by her work in the clinics. She had still a six months' fight for the right to take examinations leading to a degree. At last she was sent in by the minister against the protests of the faculty, and on June 24 passed her first test with the verdict "very satisfactory. " Putnam thus found herself, at her graduation in July 1871, the second woman doctor of medicine on the registers of the École. She received the highest mark granted by the faculty, together with the second prize for her thesis.
Career
Having pursued her studies through the siege of Paris and the disorders of the Commune, Putnam published in Scribner's Monthly (August 1871) an able account of the French leaders brought forward by the fall of the Empire and the establishment of the Republic. That year she contributed to the Medical Record the last of a series of nineteen letters on "Medical Matters in Paris, " which she had begun in 1867. Her own education secured, she aspired to win opportunity in medicine for other women.
She returned to New York in the fall of 1871 and became professor in the new Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, founded by her friend, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, where for the sixteen ensuing years she was to lecture on materia medica and therapeutics. At the same time she entered on her long and distinguished private practice. Her Paris achievement brought her election in November to the Medical Society of the County of New York, of which she was the second woman member. On the opening of the Post-Graduate Medical School she accepted the chair of children's diseases which she held for two years. Brilliant in diagnosis, thorough in her scholarship, she came to be known not only as the leading woman physician of her generation, but as belonging in the first group, irrespective of sex. During the campaign that opened Johns Hopkins Medical School to women, she contributed ably to a symposium on women in medicine. In addition to her lecturing, her private practice, hospital attendance at the Infirmary, and dispensary service at Mount Sinai and St. Mark's hospitals, she prepared more than a hundred important papers for medical societies. Her aggressive altruism expressed itself further in work for American Indians and the negro, and in support of the Consumers' League.
She was one of the founders of the League for Political Education. For suffrage she struck an effective blow when before the constitutional convention at Albany in 1894 Jacobi made a masterly address which she later expanded into the volume, "Common Sense" Applied to Woman Suffrage (1894), which was reprinted and used as a campaign document by New York suffragists in the final struggle in 1915. She had the defects of her qualities. Intellectually a Frenchwoman in the range of scholarship, she could never adapt herself to limitations imposed on American medical instruction in her day by the meager preparation of the students, but expanded her courses beyond the receptivity of her classes.
Friction on this account caused her to retire from her professor's chair in 1888. Herself unstinting in service, ready to throw herself into any work that needed to be done, she was quicker to criticize than to understand the absence of instant cooperation from others. Jacobi died on June 10, 1906, of an obscure disease (which she studied painstakingly) after four years of progressive invalidism. Her publications, in addition to those previously mentioned, include De la graisse neutre et de les acides gras (Paris thesis, 1871); The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation (1877), awarded the Boylston Prize in 1876; The Value of Life (1879); Essays on Hysteria, Brain-Tumor, and Some Other Cases of Nervous Disease (1888); Physiological Notes on Primary Education and the Study of Language (1889); "Women in Medicine, " in Women's Work in America (1891), edited by Annie N. Meyer; and Stories and Sketches (1907). She edited Dr. Abraham Jacobi's Infant Diet (1874) and J. A. C. Uffelmann's Manual of the Domestic Hygiene of the Child (1891).