An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati
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This book provides a new understanding of a man who pla...)
This book provides a new understanding of a man who played a significant part in the Iranian revolution and an analysis of a current of political Islam that has influenced movements throughout the Middle East.This full-length political biography looks at Ali Shari'ati's life and thought in the context of the complex and contradictory cultural, social, and political conditions of the Iranian society that shaped him.
The Making Of Iran's Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy To Islamic Republic, Second Edition
(In this fully revised and expanded second edition, Dr. Mi...)
In this fully revised and expanded second edition, Dr. Milani offers new insights into the causes and profound consequences of Iran's Islamic Revolution. Drawing on dozens of personal interviews with the officials of the Islamic Republic and on recently released documents, he presents a provocative analysis of the dynamics and characteristics of factional politics in Islamic Iran. Among the new issues covered are the events leading up to the Teheran hostage crisis, Ayatollah Khomeini's life and writings, President Rafsanjani's activities against the Shah, Rafsanjani's recent reforms, Iran's involvement in the Kuwaiti crisis, and the domestic and foreign policy challenges facing Iran in the post?Cold War era.The second edition is specifically revised for use as a text for courses dealing with Iran, the Middle East, and revolutionary movements.
(Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the deposed Shah of Iran, addresse...)
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the deposed Shah of Iran, addresses questions about his country, his regime, and international politics in an account of his life and political career
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
Background
Born on 26 October, 1919 in Tehran to Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi) and his second wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of Reza Khan, who later became the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, and the third of his eleven children. His father, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, was of Mazandarani and Georgian origin.
Education
After private tutoring in Iran he studied at Le Rosey, Switzerland, returning to Tehran in May 1937.
Career
He became shah in 1941, when his father was forced from office by British and Soviet troops, and he was initially a weak ruler with little power of his own. After World War II he required U. S. support to stay in office. In August 1953 he fled the country for a few days while Muhammad Mossadegh was premier. He returned after Mossadegh was ousted in a U. S. -backed coup. From that time on the shah held real power in Iran, and in a so-called white revolution, a revolution from the throne, he began to modernize the economy and society. First, royal and state lands were sold to resident sharecroppers. In the early and mid-1960's private landlords with huge estates were required to sell or lease much of their land to the sharecroppers and to adopt capitalist farming on any large areas that they retained. Large investments were made in irrigation and power, transportation, and education. In the 1970's, helped by vastly increased oil revenues, the shah promoted industrialization, and he greatly strengthened the armed forces, making Iran a significant military power and the chief power in the Persian Gulf. He also took control of the oil industry in Iran. However, he resisted attempts to curb his personal power, and his regime brutally repressed mass protests by both conservative Muslims and Marxists. In 1979 the popular upheaval forced him to flee Iran and the monarchy was abolished. When, later that year, the shah came to the United States for medical treatment, Islamic militants seized hostages at the U. S. embassy in Teheran and demanded his return. But the shah eventually found refuge in Egypt, and died there on July 27, 1980.
Achievements
Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shāhanshāh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") on 26 October 1967. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Āryāmehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtārān (Head of the Warriors). His dream of the Great Civilization in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military expansion as well as economic and social reforms.
However, he resisted attempts to curb his personal power, and his regime brutally repressed mass protests by both conservative Muslims and Marxists.
Connections
In line with this suggestion, Mohammad Reza and Princess Fawzia married. Dilawar Princess Fawzia of Egypt, a daughter of King Fuad I of Egypt and Nazli Sabri, was a sister of King Farouk I of Egypt. They married on 15 March 1939 in the Abdeen Palace in Cairo.
The Shah's second wife was Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari (22 June 1932 – 26 October 2001), a half-German half-Iranian woman and the only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany, and his wife, the former Eva Karl. They married on 12 February 1951.
Mohammad Reza 's third and final wife was Farah Diba (born 14 October 1938), the only child of Sohrab Diba, a captain in the Imperial Iranian Army (son of an Iranian ambassador to the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg, Russia), and his wife, the former Farideh Ghotbi. They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created specially for her in 1967. Previous royal consorts had been known as "Malakeh" (Arabic: Malika), or Queen. The couple remained together for twenty one years, until the Shah's death. Farah Diba bore him four children.