Muhammad al-Nasir was the fourth Almohad caliph from 1199 until his death.
Background
On January 25, 1199, al-Nasir’s father Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur died. Al-Nasir was proclaimed the new caliph that very day. Al-Nasir inherited from his father an empire that was showing signs of instability.
Because of his father’s victories against the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus), he was temporarily relieved from serious threats on that front and able to concentrate on combating and defeating Banu Ghaniya attempts to seize Ifriqiya (Tunisia).
Career
Needing, after this, to deal with problems elsewhere in the empire, he appointed Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs as governor of Ifriqiya, so unwittingly inaugurating the rule of the Hafsid dynasty there, which lasted until 1574. He now had to turn his attention back to Iberia, to deal with a crusade proclaimed by Pope Innocent III. This resulted in his defeat by a Christian coalition at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). In the early 13th century, John, King of England was under pressure after a quarrel with Pope Innocent III led to England being placed under an interdict, by which all forms of worship and other religious practices were banned.
John himself was excommunicated, parts of the country were in revolt and there were threats of a French invasion. Writing two decades after the events, Matthew Paris, a St Albans chronicler of the early thirteenth century, claims that, in desperation, John sent envoys to al-Nâsir asking for his help. Among the delegates was Master Robert, a London cleric.
Al-Nâsir was said to be so disgusted by John’s grovelling plea that he sent the envoys away. Historians have cast doubt on this story, due to the lack of other contemporary evidence. Abu Zayd bin Yujan (1198–1199)Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs (1199–1205), the future governor of Ifriqiya (see above)Abu Sa'id Uthman ibn Jam'i (1205–1214).
Religion
In return John offered to convert to Islam and turn England into a Muslim state.