Disease in Milk: The Remedy, Pasteurization, pp. 1-210
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Disease in Milk: The Remedy, Pasteurization (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from Disease in Milk: The Remedy, Pasteurization
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Excerpt from Disease in Milk: The Remedy, Pasteurization
Heating to various degrees has for years been the recognized means of procedure.
The first is boiling. Boiling means raising the milk to an exceedingly high temperature for a short period. This destroys the pathogenic organisms in the milk, but at the same time im pairs its nutritive qualities and renders it difficult of digestion.
The second is pasteurization. Pasteurization gets its name from one of the greatest scientists of this century, Louis Pasteur, of Paris, France. Pasteurization consists in heating the milk to a temperature of from 140 to 157 degrees Fahren heit and holding it at this temperature for twenty minutes and then rapidly cooling it. This process destroys the pathogenic organisms quite as fully as boil ing without in any way impairing the nutritive qualities in the milk and without tending to make it indigestible.
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Nathan Straus was an American merchant and philanthropist who co-owned two of New York City's biggest department stores, R. H. Macy & Company and Abraham & Straus. His philanthropies were numerous and of wide scope.
Background
Nathan Straus was born on January 31, 1848 to a Jewish family in Otterberg (now Germany) in the former Palatinate, then ruled by the Kingdom of Bavaria, the third child of Lazarus Straus (1809–1898) and his wife, Sara (1823–1876). His siblings were Hermine Straus Kohns (1846–1922), Isidor Straus (1845–1912), and Oscar Solomon Straus (1850–1926).
The family moved to the U. S. state of Georgia in 1854. After losing everything in the American Civil War the family moved to New York City, where his father formed L. Straus & Sons, a crockery and glassware firm.
Education
Nathan was educated in Talbotton, Georgia, in a log cabin school and the Collinsworth Institute.
Career
After the Civil War the family moved to New York, where in 1866 Nathan joined his father's firm of L. Straus & Son. By 1888 he had become one of the owners of R. H. Macy and Company. It was he who originated, among other things, the depositors' account system, rest rooms, medical care, and a cost-price lunchroom for the employees of the store. He retired from active concern with business in 1914.
He was park commissioner in New York City (1889 - 93) and president of the board of health (1898). In the panic winter of 1892-93 he distributed food and 1, 500, 000 buckets of coal for five cents each. In the following winter he issued over two million five-cent tickets for coal or food or lodging, and established lodging houses providing bed and breakfast for five cents.
In 1892 he began a campaign for pasteurization of milk, in which he had to combat public ignorance and indifference, professional prejudice, commercial greed and political corruption, but which led ultimately to the compulsory pasteurization of milk in most cities. In 1891, 241 of every thousand babies born in New York City died before their first birthday, but of 20, 111 babies who received his pasteurized milk during four years only six died.
By 1909 the death rate of children under five had been halved, largely as a result of milk pasteurization. Straus continued to open milk depots at his personal cost, until in 1920 he had 297 milk stations in thirty-six cities in the United States and abroad.
In 1909 he established in his cottage in Lakewood, New Jersey, the pioneer tuberculosis preventorium for children. In 1911 President William Howard Taft appointed Straus sole delegate from the United States to the Third International Congress for the Protection of Infants, held in Berlin. The first International Child's Congress under the auspices of the League of Nations (August 1925) officially recognized his work. Layman though he was, without pretensions to medical knowledge, he lives in the annals of medicine as a pioneer in public health.
In 1927, when almost an octogenarian, he journeyed to Jerusalem for the fourth time and laid the cornerstone of its health center, at the entrance to which his inscription in English, Arabic, and Hebrew proclaims that it is for all inhabitants of the land, Christian, Moslem, and Jew. The bloody rioting of the Arabs of Palestine in August 1929 robbed both him and his wife of the joy of life, and hastened the death of Lina Gutherz Straus (May 4, 1930). Less than a year later, shortly before his eighty-third birthday, Straus died in New York City.
Achievements
Nathan Straus has been listed as a noteworthy merchant by Marquis Who's Who.
In 1894 he refused the Democratic nomination for mayor.
Views
He was a practical visionary, a fighting philanthropist, a belligerent pacifist, a lover of all men, yet capable of strong dislikes, an idealist, yet a hearty lover of the good things of life.
As the years went on philanthropy became his ruling passion. Never a man of great wealth, he deliberately reduced his fortune through his gifts, and responded munificently to every campaign for relieving primary needs. In his devotion to Palestine his Jewish soul found its most complete expression. For the last fifteen years of their lives he and his wife lived with this as the dominant interest in their lives, and in the last two decades of his life he gave nearly two-thirds of his fortune to Palestine.
Quotations:
"I often think of the old saying, "The world is my country, to do good is my religion. .. This has often been an inspiration to me. I might say, "Humanity is my kin, to save babies is my religion. " It is a religion I hope will have thousands of followers. "
Personality
The distinctiveness and originality of his character lay in the fact that he responded equally to the keen, sound judgments of his vigorous mind, and to the undisciplined spontaneity and impulsiveness of his tender heart.
Quotes from others about the person
According to The American Jewish Year Book, he has been described as "a man of exalted spirituality, and firm convictions of righteousness in public and private affairs, with a heart overflowing with human sympathy and understanding".
Taft said, "Dear old Nathan Straus is a great Jew and the greatest Christian of us all".
Connections
On April 28, 1875, he married Lina Gutherz, a woman of cultured mind, who shared unwearyingly in all his philanthropies.
