Background
APTEKMAN, Osip was born on March 18, 1849.
APTEKMAN, Osip was born on March 18, 1849.
Studied at Academy of Med and Surgery. Completed medical training in Munich.
1874, within a few months of completing his course at the Academy of Med and Surgery, ’’went out among the people,” conducted propaganda work in Volga area. Until 1879 organizer and member, Zemlya i Volya Social. After Zemlya i Volya schism joined Chyornyy Peredel (Land Distribution) Group and edited its organ.
1880, alter break-up of this organisation, exiled by admin order for five years to Yakutia. 1885-1889 abroad (Germany). 1889 returned to Russia, worked as country physician in Nizhniy-Novgorod.
Under the influence of ’’young” Social-Dcmocrats, broke with remnants of Narodnaya Volya Party and joined Social-Democratic Party. 1905 arrested for incitement to mutiny, organizing a battle group and agitating for replacement of volost admin. 1906-1907 lived in Switzerland and until World War 1 sided with Mensheviks.
From start of World War 1 adopted internationalist stand. 1919 switched to Soviet ideology. From 1917 took no active part in political lifc;/>«M: books: Obshchestvo Zemlya i Volya 70-kh godov (The ’’Land and Freedom” Society in the 1870’s) (1905.
1923 revised and expanded ed). Chyornyy Peredel (The Land Distribution Movement) (1923). Various articles in periodicals.
Religion makes people base their lives on false foundations.
Individuals have rights to express freedom if it safeguarde the interests of a collective.