His father was of the Neledinsky-Meletsky noble family (descended from a Polish nobleman of the Mielec family), his mother was a princess Kurakina. His mother died early and his father was abroad, so he grew up with his paternal grandmother in Moscow and later, at age 13, he moved to his maternal grandmother, Aleksandra Ivanovna Kurakina, in St. Petersburg, where he came under the influence of the European Enlightenment and became acquainted with the future tsar Paul.
In 1769, he went to the University of Strasbourg, where he studied French, Italian and German.
In 1770, he entered the Russian army, participating in the siege of Bender and the Crimea campaign in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). His first published poem was dedicated to the generals under whom he served, Petr Panin and Vasily Dolgoruky. In 1773, he served under Mikhail Kamensky and rose to the rank of 2nd major.
After the war, he served under Nicholas Repnin.
He retired from the army in 1785 with the rank of colonel. In 1813, he again moved to St. Petersburg and became a senator there.
Over the next ten years, he was under the protection of empress Maria Feodorovna and became well known as a court poet. He retired in 1826 and moved to Kaluga, where he died two years later.
The works of Neledinsky-Meletsky were edited together with those of Anton Delvig in 1850 by Armed Forces Smirdin.
Among his works that remain known in modern Russia is the "folk style" poem Песня ("A Song", 1796. Incipit Выду ль я на реченьку "When I go down to the river").
