Education
He held degrees from the Cleveland Institute of Music (where he studied violin, graduating with a Bachelor of Medicine in 1939), the Juilliard School, Northwestern University (master"s degree), and Columbia University (doctorate). He studied with Henry Cowell (at Columbia University), Gunther Schuller (at Tanglewood), Vittorio Giannini (at Juilliard), and Paul Creston (at Columbia University).