Background
As'ad was the son of Ismail Pasha al-Azm, the founder of the prominent local Arab household, al-Azm, which controlled much the provinces of Ottoman Syria in 1725. As'ad Pasha succeeded his father as governor of Damascus in 1743.
As'ad was the son of Ismail Pasha al-Azm, the founder of the prominent local Arab household, al-Azm, which controlled much the provinces of Ottoman Syria in 1725. As'ad Pasha succeeded his father as governor of Damascus in 1743.
He was responsible for the construction of several architectural works in the city and other places in Syria. In Hama, he built the Azm Palace where he resided. Throughout the first half of the 18th century, the Janissary corps in Damascus challenged the al-Azm family rule in Damascus, but in 1746, As'ad Pasha crushed the local Janissaries.
This enabled him to secure his authority in the city. He was favored by the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul because of his successes in protecting of the Syrian pilgrim caravan that annually left for Mecca and Medina during the Hajj. In his dealings with the Bedouin tribes along the caravan route in the Syrian Desert and the Hejaz, As'ad Pasha either utilized force to subdue them or bought them off.
The security of the pilgrim caravan was of prime importance to the Ottoman sultan in his capacity as "Protector of the Two Holy Sanctuaries," especially after the consistent failure of the Janissaries to protect the caravan. He used his family's great wealth to construct the Azm Palace in Damascus in 1750. Serving as a joint residence and guesthouse, the palace was a monument to 18th-century Arab architecture.
The famed Khan As'ad Pasha was also built under As'ad Pasha's patronage in 1752. Despite As'ad Pasha's ability to secure the pilgrim caravan, the new Ottoman authorities in Istanbul deposed him in 1757 after fourteen years of governance. The Grand Vizier at the time, Raghib Pasha, denounced him as a "peasant son of a peasant" after a deal between the two of them faltered.
In addition, the Kizlar Agha of Istanbul, Aboukouf, was disdainful toward As'ad Pasha for apparently not catering to him properly when he passed through Damascus as part of the Hajj caravan. The Ottoman state was also interested in confiscating the great wealth As'ad Pasha accumulated during his tenure in office. The large amounts of money collected made the state revalue its currency.
As'ad Pasha was initially replaced by Husayn Pasha ibn Makki, a protegé of Aboukouf. After being deposed, As'ad Pasha was assigned to Aleppo Eyalet and a month after, was appointed Governor of Egypt. In late 1757, the Hajj pilgrim caravan was annihilated.
The Ottomans accused As'ad Pasha of inciting the Bedouin to attack the caravan in response to his deposition earlier that year. Consequently, Grand Vizier Raghib Pasha ordered As'ad Pasha's execution. As'ad Pasha was executed in March 1758 aboard a ship ostensibly transporting him to Crete where would live in exile.
A Georgian mamluk (slave soldier) of As'ad Pasha, Uthman Pasha al-Kurji, then led Ottoman authorities to the whereabouts of his master's treasures and was rewarded with the governorship of Damascus in 1760.
As'ad governed Hama as a tax collector for a number of years, until his uncle, Sulayman Pasha al-Azm, governor of Damascus, died in 1743. His rule represented the apex of al-Azm influence in the Levant as at that time, the members of the family administered Damascus, Aleppo, Hama, Tripoli, Sidon, and for a short period, Mosul.
