De complete werken van Joost van Vondel (Dutch Edition)
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Vondel: Tooneelspel In Vyf Bedryven... (Dutch Edition)
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
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Vondel: Tooneelspel In Vyf Bedryven
Hippoliet Van Peene, Joost Van den Vondel
Van Doosselaere, 1861
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An influential and controversial work by Joost van den ...)
An influential and controversial work by Joost van den Vondel (1587-1679), the colossus of Dutch literature, regarded as a major influence on Miltons Paradise Lost. An angel returns from Eden, his wings singed by the beauty of Adam and Eves world, longing for the pleasures of their flesh.
Joost van den Vondel en G. de Saluste, sr. du Bartas, pp. 1-128 (German Edition)
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Joost van den Vondel was a Dutch poet and dramatist who produced some of the greatest works of Dutch literature.
Background
Vondel was born on November 17, 1587 in Cologne, Holy Roman Empire. His father, a hatter, had been forced to flee from Antwerp because of his Anabaptist convictions. Between 1582 and 1596 his parents, as persecuted members of the Anabaptist sect, were intermittently compelled to flee from the inquisitorial reign of terror instituted in the Lowlands by its Spanish regent and governor general, the Duke of Alba. In 1597, a year after his arrival in Amsterdam, Vondel's father acquired Amsterdam citizenship, enabling the family to settle in the "Venice of the N. "
Education
The young Vondel was largely self-educated. He taught himself French, and he also studied Latin and eventually translated works by Virgil and Seneca.
Career
Vondel was introduced early to one of the popular Chambers of Rhetoric, societies of poets; he soon became a member of Het wit Lavendel (White Lavender). The friendships made in this circle with leading artistic and intellectual figures of the day encouraged Vondel's interest in poetry and in study and led to the beginning of his long career as poet and dramatist. Vondel passed on from his early rederijker influences to a close study of French contemporary poets, being much influenced by Guillaume du Bartas's epic poem, La Sepmaine; ou, Creation du monde (1578). Vondel then made several translations from the German, soon becoming a member of the literary circle that clustered around Roemer Visscher. With these friends Vondel made a close study of Greek and Roman writers. His first play, Het Pascha (The Passover), performed in 1610 and published in 1612, dramatized the Jewish Exodus from Egypt and served as an allegorical representation of the plight of the Calvinists who had fled Spanish tyranny in the Lowlands. Meanwhile, Vondel's hatred of all kinds of tyranny gradually weaned him from Calvinism's theocratic doctrines, and by 1625 he had joined the Remonstrants, whose Arminian opposition to Calvinist dogma appealed to him. After the production in 1625 of Palamedes, of Vermoorde onnooselheyd (Palamedes, or Murdered Innocence), he suffered political persecution and was forced to go into hiding. This drama, which transposed the judicial murder of Holland's lord advocate Johan van Oldenbarnevelt in 1619 - a cause that had inflamed Holland and all of Europe - into a classical setting, struck sharply against Oldenbarnevelt's jury, Calvinism's doctrine of predestination, and Calvinist divines in Amsterdam. The city's magistrates eventually forgave Vondel and exacted only a small fine. In the following years Vondel entered into a close friendship with Hugo Grotius, translating his Latin Sofompaneas in 1635. The deaths of his family members, and his imminent conversion to Roman Catholicism, inspired many of Vondel's best poems. Long attracted by Roman Catholicism's esthetic side, and after national independence seemed virtually assured, he converted to Catholicism about 1640. This revolt against Calvinist tyranny was not well received by many of his friends, but it probably strengthened his ties with Marie Tesselschade Visscher, the Catholic and liberal widow of his friend Roemer Visscher. Vondel's last years were clouded by the disgraceful behavior of his son Joost. Entrusted with the family hosiery business, his son mismanaged affairs, fleeing in 1657 to the Netherlands Indies and leaving his father to deal with the creditors. After sacrificing his small fortune, Vondel became a government clerk. Pensioned after 10 years' service, he died on February 5, 1679, in Amsterdam.
Achievements
The Dutch poet and dramatist Joost van den Vondel ranks as the greatest of all Dutch writers. He achieved his status of national poet during the period when the Netherlands was emerging as a national state. Vondel wrote 32 plays, as well as a famous series of prefaces to Ahem. He also made numerous translations from German, French, Latin, Italian, and Greek; produced a large body of poetry, including emblems, lyrics, occasional poems, long theological poems, didactic verses, pastorals, and an epic; and wrote essays.
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
Religion
Around the year 1641, Vondel converted to Catholicism. This was a great shock to most of his fellow countrymen because the main conviction and de facto state religion in the Republic was Calvinist Protestantism. It is still unclear why he became a Catholic although his love for a Catholic lady may have played a role in this.
Connections
At the age of 23, Vondel married Mayken de Wolff. Together they had four children, of whom two died in infancy.
