Pierre Soulages is a French painter and printmaker and a major figure in the postwar abstract movement. As such he was a leader of Tachism, the French counterpart to Action painting in the United States and was known for the severity of his works and his preoccupation with the color black.
Background
When Pierre Soulages was just six years old, his older sister found him drawing thick black lines in ink with a brush and asked: “What are you painting, my little Pierre?” He replied: “Snow.” Nine decades later, after giving it another meaning, he is the king of black. Born in Rodez into the family of Amans and Aglae, he was attracted as very young to Romanesque artistic traditions and prehistory.
Education
At the age of 18, Pierre Soulages went to Paris to prepare for the entrance examination to the prestigious École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Initially accepted into the school, Soulages, convinced of the poor quality of education, refused to even start his studies and went back to Rodez.
Career
Pierre began his career in this isolated province that has not followed the contemporary artistic trends. While he was in Paris, he frequently visited the exhibitions of Cézanne and Picasso that were taking place at the Louvre. The World War II broke out and he was soon mobilized. After Paris was occupied, he was demobilized and went to Montpellier where he regularly attended the Musée Fabre. However, Montpellier was also quickly occupied, and he spent the next period escaping the Service du travail obligatoire (the Nazis deported hundreds of thousands of French workers to Germany to work as forced labor for the German war effort). During this time of constant conflict and hiding, he didn’t paint.
It was not until 1946 that Pierre could devote all his time to painting. Having settled in Paris once again, Soulages began creating abstract and dark paintings, dominated by black. These pieces, heavily influenced by the atrocities of war, were immediately noticed as they differed significantly from the semi-figurative painting and colorful post-war tendencies. In 1948, he began participating in exhibitions in Paris and Europe. One of the most known shows was Französische abstrakte malerei, exhibited in several German museums. Soulages was by far the youngest in this small group of masters of abstraction that included Kupka, Herbin, Domela, etc. The poster for the show depicted one of his paintings, and it was a huge acknowledgment and inspiration for the young artist.
A year later, Pierre had his first solo show in Paris, at the Lydia Conti gallery, and he also continued participating in group exhibitions throughout the world, including London, Copenhagen, and Sao Paolo. From 1949 - 1952, the artist made his first engravings at the Lacourière workshop in Paris. Over the next few years, the Americans had an opportunity to have themselves acquainted with his work, as several of the shows he was participating in were traveling exhibitions, such as Advancing French Art in 1951, Younger European Painters in 1953, and The New Decade in 1955.
Pierre exhibited regularly at the Koot Gallery in The Big Apple and Galerie de France in Paris. In the early ‘50s, his pieces were already acquired by some prestigious galleries and museums, such as Phillips Gallery in Washington, the Guggenheim Museum in New York, the Tate Gallery in London, Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the Museu de arte moderna in Rio de Janeiro, and many others. Today, Soulages’ paintings (over 230) are included in permanent collections of more than 110 museums on all continents.
In 1960, Pierre had first retrospective exhibitions in museums in Hanover, Essen, Zurich, The Hague. Changing his approach in 1979, that very year he exhibited at Centre George Pompidou. From 1987 to 1994, he produced the 104 windows for the abbey of Conques. In 2001, he became the first living artist to exhibit at the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. In October 2009, celebrating its 90th anniversary, the Centre Pompidou presented the largest retrospective ever devoted to a living artist since the early ‘80s, with more than 2000 square meters of exhibition space. Even with the staff strike that occurred, the exposure received more than half a million visitors, making it the fourth most popular exhibition in the history of Centre Pompidou.
When Soulages first got to Paris, he tried to show his work at the Salon d’Automne, but they didn’t accept him. A friend told him about the Salon des Surindépendants, which didn’t have a jury, so he showed his work there for the first time. The piece was very dark, standing out in a mass of yellow and red paintings. Quite different from the rest, the painting caught the eye of Francis Picabia, who called it the best in the show. A few days later, the two of them met, and Picabia encouraged Soulages with kind words.
In 1948 the artist was invited to participate along the masters of abstraction such as Kupka, Herbin, Hartung, Schneider, a group of people much older than him and already established. That same year an American who had heard about his work came to Soulages’ studio in Paris. It was no other than James Johnson Sweeney (a painting curator at MoMA at the time, and later the director of the Guggenheim Museum in New York). Sweeney said he liked everything he saw and bought one of the paintings. After one of the traveling shows, Soulages attracted the attention of Duncan Phillips, who personally bought one painting for the Phillips Collection in Washington D.C.
In 1954, Samuel Kootz began to represent the artist. All of the interest for Soulages’ work was a bit strange considering that he didn’t actually visit the States until 1957. Upon arriving to New York, he was invited to a dinner at the Sam Hunter’s house (Hunter was a curator at MoMA). There he had the honor of meeting some of the most famous American painters, including Mark Rothko and Theodoros Stamos. He ended up befriending Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Willem de Kooning.
Soulages’ first profound aesthetic experience was in the interior of the Romanesque abbey of Conques. A real epiphany followed shortly afterward. Through a book (a reproduction of the Bison of Altamira), he realized just how narrow was the history of art taught at schools or exposed in museums. With only 5 or 6 previous centuries (that number expands to about 26 when the Greek culture is included), and that doesn’t even compare with the age of the Bison of Altamira, which was a hundred and eighty centuries old. From that moment, Soulages wanted to discover everything about painting, to go all the way back to its most distant origins, to learn about the practices present in other countries and continents. The paintings of the prehistoric era, which was revealed in a succession of waves, impressed him by the force of their presence which went far beyond the concern for illusionistic representation that ended up in the study of perspective. These vast painted spaces inspired a desire for freedom that was so rarely matched since.
Certainly, the Greeks have one of the first intentionally cultivated artistic practices, with their beautiful women and handsome man, but something like that never interested Soulages. All of this led to him meeting the love of his life, Collete, the woman he has spent more than 7 decades with. As established, he was intrigued by pre-historic period, while she wanted to learn about medieval art, which nobody knew back then. Even today, the number of experts in those fields is next to non-existing.
On February 13, 1941, the painter arrived at Montpellier and immediately went to the school where he could only become a drawing teacher. There he met this girl who was trying to convince some boys that Picasso was a great artist. Soulages told her she’s never going to convince those idiots, and since he was planning to go to the Musée Fabre, he asked her to join him. Collete went with him and they haven’t been apart since.
As for his style – Soulages’ early paintings are given to sections more than a holistic intake, a feature he still possesses. The works made ‘back in the day’ suggest a more symbolic aspect, a kind of contradiction between form and space, between the gesture and the surface, between the support and its interior. These painterly ideas were closer to Soulages than the more metaphorical interpretations of being an expression of post-World War II trauma where hope lingers in the crevices between the charred remnants (a popular interpretation that Soulages attempted to discourage).
Soulages was always painting with black, and yet, it was his travels and discovery of “beyond black” that made the true earthquake in the artistic world. It happened in 1979, while he was working for many hours on a painting, with black paint everywhere. Exhausted, he couldn’t quite comprehend why he was working for so long on something that he didn’t like. The piece was simply not turning out as the others. So, after a quick sleep, he looked at it once again and made a decision that was going to change his life – no more painting with black. Instead, he will paint with the light reflected off the black surface.
This spur of the moment realization deeply touched him, so he continued making pieces like this. The Centre Pompidou invited him to show these works, which people began calling noir lumière, or black light. The name suggested an optical effect, and the Soulage didn’t like it. He only started making these because he found that the light reflected by the black surface elicits certain emotions in him. They are not monochromes. The light is coming from the color which represents the absence of light, and these paintings are very moving.
Having realized that he needs to find an appropriate word to convey mental field opened up by these works, Soulages invented the word outrenoir – it doesn’t exist in English, and its closest interpretation is “beyond black.” It’s a completely different thing from black, a completely different place. More recent paintings (from 2013 - 2014) have surfaces that reveal more literal variations of black pigment, often utilizing an uncompromising matt underpainting as a support for glossy black on top. Alternatively, the light refracts from severe cuts into a hardened density of pigment. Since 1979, the focus has always been on the birth of light from the blackness. The most recent paintings constitute a latent subterfuge, whereby the light bounces rhythmically from one panel to another within a single painting.
Soulages has liberated his style from centuries of Western decorative painting traditions and drawing that dated back in prehistoric times. His work is a pure celebration of the very essence of painting – there are primal instinct to create and the spiritual power of lines and movement. The Museum in his hometown is an homage to his vision and long-lasting career. He is represented by Galerie Perrotin and We Art Partners. Pierre Soulages lives and works in Rodez.
Peinture 324 x 181 cm, 19 février 2009 (Polyptyque)
Peinture 244 x 181 cm, 25 avril 2011
Peinture 130 x 81 cm, 20-03-2004
Untitled
B-Walnut Stain
Peinture 227 x 306 cm, 2 Mars 2009
Peinture 222 x 314 cm, 24 février 2008
Peinture 11 Juillet 1987
Peinture 19 mai 1982
Peinture 324 x 181 cm, 14 mars 1999 (Polyptyque)
Goudron sur verre 45.5 x 76.5 cm, 1948
A-Walnut Stain
Peinture 146 x 114 cm, 1950
Gouache 2004 B-7
Peinture 18 Mars 2010
Peinture 243 x 181 cm, 26 juin 1999
Peinture 8 août 1974
Peinture, 10 juin 1958
Peinture 220 x 366 cm, 14 mai 1968
Untitled Intaglio
Peinture 23 Mai 1969
Etching No. 2
Peinture 324 x 181 cm, 17 novembre 2008
Eau forte XII
Peinture 12 novembre 2008
Peinture 244 x 181 cm, 23 novembre 2010
Peinture 202 x 327 cm, 17 janvier 1970
Brou de noix sur papier 48 x 62,5 cm, 1946
Peinture 12 November 2008 (diptyque)
Peinture 260 x 202 cm, 19 juin 1963
Peinture 324 x 362 cm, 1985 (Polyptyque C)
Views
He sees light as a work material; striations of the black surface of his paintings enable him to reflect light, allowing the black to come out of darkness and into brightness, thus becoming a luminous color.
Quotations:
"My instrument is not black, but the light reflected from the black."
"I always liked paintings to be walls rather than windows. When we see a painting on a wall, it's a window, so I often put my paintings in the middle of the space to make a wall. A window looks outside, but a painting should do the opposite — it should look inside of us."
Membership
In 1979, Pierre Soulages was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Connections
Pierre Soulages married Colette Llaurens on October 24, 1942, the woman he has spent more than 7 decades with. It was a love at first sight. They had the same taste and shared an interest in pre-Renaissance practices.