Education
In 1951, he received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale.
In 1951, he received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale.
He is a former United States. Ambassador to Bulgaria, and has advised the United States. State Department on treaties. In 1948, he received his Bachelor of Arts from Princeton University. In 1949, he received his Master of Arts from Yale.
From 1950 to 1957, he was a Soviet analyst for Research and Development Corporation.
From 1957 to 1961, he was a Central Intelligence Agency Office of National Estimates (ONE) analyst. In the early 1960s, he was a special assistant in the State Department.
In the 1970s, he was a senior Foreign Service inspector. From 1980 to 1994, he was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
He is the author of numerous scholarly papers, books, and has been featured in Public Broadcasting Service documentaries.
He is well known for his disagreement with Team B"s and Richard Pipes"s characterization of Soviet nuclear doctrine.