Education
1913 graduate Moscow University.
1913 graduate Moscow University.
1905 member, Yekaterinoslav Marty Committee. 1906-1907 Party work in Bryansk and in the Urals. Editor, underground Bolshevik newspaper “Ufimskiy rabochiy”.
Frequently arrested; 1910 emigrated. In Paris studied at law faculty. 1913 returned to Russia and resumed Marty work.
1917 member, Moscow Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) Committee. During 1917 October Revol chairman, Zamoskvorcch’yev Military Revol Committee. 1918 co-ed, newspaper “Pravda".
1918-1921 chairman, Orel, Kostroma, then Khar’kov Province Executive Committee. Ukraine Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. 1921-1924 ed, newspaper "Rabochaya Moskva” and journal “Percts”.
1924-1925 secretary, Soviet mission in France. 1925-1926 deputy ed, newspaper “Izvestiya TsIK”. 1926-1927 head, Tass Bureau in Vienna.
1927 — 29 head, Press Department, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. 1931-1932 Collegium member, People's Commissariat of Education and head Main Board for Literature and Publ Houses.
From 1932 director, Institute of Red Professor and ed, journal "Bor’ba klassov”. 1934-1935 head Schools Department, Central Committee, All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). During World War 2 served with partisans.
From 1945 associate, Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin, Central Committee, Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Wrote numerous works on Party history and general politics.