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The Western Peace-maker, and Monthly Religious Journal Volume 1
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An Outline of the History of the Church in the State of Kentucky, During a Period of Forty Years: Containing the Memoirs of Rev. David Rice, and and of the Lives and Labours of a Number of M
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Robert Hamilton Bishop was a Scottish-born American Presbyterian clergyman and educator. He was professor of history and the philosophy of social relations at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
Background
Robert Bishop was born on July 26, 1777, in Whittingehame, East Lothian, Scotland, where his family had been tenants for several generations on the estate of Lord Polkemmet (William Baillie). He was the first child of William Bishop and his second wife, Margaret Hamilton, but the fourth child in his father's family of sixteen.
Education
The Bishops belonged to the Burgher division of the Secession Church, and Robert received his early education in the congregation school under the Scottish divine, John Brown of Whitburn. At sixteen he entered the University of Edinburgh, which he attended until 1798. The liberal influences of the university and especially of Prof. Dugald Stewart, student and successor of the pioneer sociologist, Adam Ferguson, were to have important reflections in Bishop's life and work in the United States. After four years at the theological seminary at Selkirk, Bishop was licensed by the presbytery of Perth in 1802.
Career
In 1802 he sailed for America with his bride to serve the Associate Reformed Church of North America in the Ohio Valley. In the fall of 1804 he accepted the professorship of philosophy at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, where he taught until 1824, when Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, was opened with Bishop as its president. At Miami in 1833 he assigned to himself an experimental professorship of history and the philosophy of social relations, the latter course being one of the earliest of the modern courses in sociology.
In 1841 Bishop resigned the presidency, remaining as professor of history and political science; from 1845 to 1855 he continued his courses in social philosophy at the academy that became in 1846 Farmers' College, Pleasant Hill, Ohio. His philosophy included an evolutionary interpretation of social development, the theory that the individual is the product of his social as well as physical environment, and a theory of social conflict. He embraced democracy, and made the core of his teaching interest the progress of civil liberty. His interest in the Negro developed in Kentucky, where he began establishing Sunday schools for the blacks as early as 1815. He edited the memoirs of David Rice, the father of Presbyterianism in the West and the first to take a conspicuous step toward the abolition of slavery in Kentucky, publishing them with An Outline of the History of the Church in the State of Kentucky (1824). Bishop agreed in principle with the immediatists of the American Anti-Slavery Society but opposed jeopardizing all interests of the country for one single object.
In Kentucky, Bishop allied himself with a group of young Associate Reformed ministers who sought to reform the unprogressive attitudes of their church. During this struggle Bishop published several pamphlets, a volume of Sermons on Plain and Practical Subjects (1809), and edited and published with others the Evangelical Record and Western Review (1812 - 1813) and the Almoner (1814 - 1815).
When the Presbyterian Church, which he joined in 1819, divided into the New and Old schools in the thirties, Bishop sought first to prevent the division and then to heal the wounds. His appeal, A Plea for United Christian Action (1833), involved him in the controversy. In general he favored the principles of the New School but stood forcefully for union of the church. Under his leadership an organization of "Ministers and Elders of the Presbyterian Church, who declined to adhere to either division" was formed in 1838. Bishop assisted in publishing the magazine of this group, the Western Peace-maker and Monthly Religious Journal (1839 - 1840). His antislavery position and theological liberalism caused friction in southwestern Ohio and eventually cost Bishop the presidency of Miami University and later his professorship. Nevertheless, former students of Bishop were prominent in bringing the church to an antislavery position, and to reunion in 1869.
Bishop was the author of a number of printed sermons, pamphlets, and articles. In 1830 he produced A Manual of Logic, which was revised and enlarged and republished under the title Elements of Logic (1833). His Sketches of the Philosophy of the Bible appeared in 1833, and Elements of the Science of Government in 1839. He died of old age and was buried in a mound on the campus of Farmers' College, now the Ohio Military Institute.
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Religion
Bishop was a preacher at the Second Presbyterian Church of Lexington.
Connections
On August 25, 1802 Bishop married Ann Ireland. His family included eight children, William Wallace, Mary Ann, George Brown, Ebenezer Brown, Robert Hamilton, Catherine Wallace, John Mason, and Jane Ridgeley.