Robert Kraemer was born in Fullerton, California, the son of a citrus rancher. He grew up in Placentia, California, and attended college at the University of Notre Dame where be received his Bachelor of Surgery in Aeronautical Engineering in 1950.
California Institute of Technology.
He then moved back to California to earn a master"s degree in Aerospace Engineering (Rocket Propulsion Option) from Caltech in 1951. Rocketdyne
Robert Kraemer was hired by the rocket division of North American Aviation (later known as Rocketdyne) where he designed rocket engines. Kraemer served as the head of Advanced Design at Rocketdyne for over a decade, designing or overseeing the development of the engines that powered Jupiter, Thor, Atlas, and Saturn rockets.
Ford Aeronutronic
Kraemer left Rocketdyne to join The Aeronutronic Division of the Ford Motor Company (prime contractor for the Ranger series of lunar landers) in the Fall of 1961, where he was promoted to chief engineer for Space Systems.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Kraemer joined National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1967 to manage the Voyager Mars Surface Laboratory, a program that was canceled within months of his arrival. He was then appointed as manager of Advanced Planetary Programs and Technology, and immediately began plans for a Mars orbiter.
Beginning in 1969, he also chaired the Outer Planets Working Group (OPWG), which met monthly to review competing mission plans under development to explore the outer planets, and make recommendations. In June 1970, Kraemer replaced Don Hearth as the Director of Planetary Programs, and was officially given the title in March 1971.
In this capacity, he oversaw the development of the following exploration spacecraft:
Mariner 8 - Intended to orbit and image Mars.
Failed to enter Earth orbit after rocket tumbled out of control. Mariner 9 - Sister craft to Mariner 8, first spacecraft to successfully enter Mars orbit. Imaged 70% of the planet"s surface.
Pioneer 10 - First probe to pass through asteroid belt and to visit Jupiter.
Pioneer 11 - Explored Jupiter, then was first spacecraft to visit Saturn. Mariner 10 - Flyby of Venus, first spacecraft to use "slingshot effect".
First spacecraft to explore Mercury. Helios 1 and Helios 2 - Investigated the interplanetary medium between the Earth"s orbit and the Sun.
Viking 1 - Orbiter and lander.
First soft landing on Mars. Searched for evidence of life. Viking 2 - sister craft to Viking 1.
Soft-landed in a different hemisphere from Viking 1.
Voyager 1 - Visited Jupiter and Saturn with vastly improved instruments over Pioneer, First spacecraft to enter interstellar space. Voyager 2 - Explored all of the outer planets.
First craft to visit Uranus and Neptune. Pioneer Venus 1 - First spacecraft to enter Venus orbit.
Mapped entire surface topography with radar.
Pioneer Venus 2 - Carried four scientific probes that were dropped into the Venusian atmosphere. Kramer later served as Assistant Director of National Aeronautics and Space Administration"s Goddard Space Flight Center. He retired in 1990.
