Background
Ronald Ross was born on May 13, 1857, as the son of Sir C.C.G. Ross, a General in the English army. His grandfather, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Ross, had malaria, and the boy resolved to find a cure for the disease.
(Philosophies by Ronald Ross. Worldwide literature classic...)
Philosophies by Ronald Ross. Worldwide literature classic, among top 100 literary novels of all time. A must read for everybody.In the 1980s, Italo Calvino (the most-translated contemporary Italian writer at the time of his death) said in his essay "Why Read the Classics?" that "a classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say", without any doubt this book can be considered a Classic This book is also a Bestseller because as Steinberg defined: "a bestseller as a book for which demand, within a short time of that book's initial publication, vastly exceeds what is then considered to be big sales".
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1910
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(This historic book may have numerous typos and missing te...)
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1910 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER VI PREVENTION 33. List of the Possible Preventive Measures. -- One advantage of the malaria formula given in section 28, equation 4, is that it enables us not only to name the various preventive measures, but also to obtain some quantitative estimate of their relative utility. Suppose that an anti-malaria campaign is contemplated in any locality, and let m be the proportion of infected persons at the beginning of the campaign, and mx be the proportion at the end of a given period. Then by the formula Wj = m + b*sai( 1 -- m)m -- rm. Hence m will be less than mv that is, the malaria will be reduced, if we can make suitable modifications in the factors b, s, a, i, r. Such modifications can be made in various ways, as follows:-- The biting factor, b, represents the average proportion of Anophelines which succeed in biting individuals. We have roughly estimated it at 1/4. Obviously, if we diminish this fraction we shall diminish the malaria in the locality. This can be done in many ways. The use of ordinary mosquito-nets, of wire-gauze to the windows and doors of houses, of punkas and fans (which drive away the insects), of culicifuges, that is, substances which, when applied to the skin, tend to keep them off, and even the use of smoke, woollen clothing and bed coverings, must all tend to have the desired effect. But, of course, if we hope to reduce the malaria throughout a considerable population, such measures must be adopted by a sufficiently large number of people. No appreciable effect will be produced on the general malaria rate if only a few persons take the trouble to use them, because b expresses the average proportion of insects which succeed in biting. The next factor in the equation is s, which denotes the proportion of...
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(Excerpt from Report on Malaria at Ismailia and Suez Drs. ...)
Excerpt from Report on Malaria at Ismailia and Suez Drs. Dampeirou and Pressat furnished us with a complete history of this subject, accompanied with a chart showing the number of cases occurring every month from the commencement of the epidemic. A copy of this chart 13 attached to this report. Malarial fever appeared first at Ismailia in 1 877, when the fresh water canal was enlarged. During that year, according to the chart, over three hundred cases occurred from August to December. N ext year there were about four hundred cases; and the annual sick - rate remained at about this figure until 1885, When, owing possibly to the increase of the town, the fever - rate rose considerably. Since then the worst years recordedare 1886 1891, 1897, and 1901. In 1891, nearly 2 500' cases are recorded; and there were almost as many in 1901. The monthly fluctuations show that the four last months of the year are generally the worst as regards the fever, and the early months the best. The largest monthly rate is that of November, 1891, When four hundred and sixty-nine cases were reported. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Report on the Prevention of Malaria in Mauri...)
Excerpt from Report on the Prevention of Malaria in Mauritius The Middle Ages added little to our knowledge of the subject. In 1640, however, the specific remedy for the disease, the so-called Cinchona or Peruvian Bark, began to be known in Europe; and in 1820 Pelletier and Caventou extracted from this substance its essential principle, quinine. The extensive use of the drug made by physicians ultimately showed that it does not cure all fevers, but only those which possess the so-called intermittent tendency - that is, the tendency to a succession of attacks at regular periods. This fact enabled them to separate these fevers clearly from the others, known as the Continued Fevers. It is true that the Intermittent Fevers may become continued at times; but, as Torti Showed in 1712, this is merely due to the overlapping of the successive attacks. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Memoirs: With a Full Account of the Great Ma...)
Excerpt from Memoirs: With a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and Its Solution The solution of the malaria problem has been called the most dramatic episode in the history of medicine, and the facts when disclosed were certainly among the most wonderful in natural history; but the story has often been very inaccurately reported. Twenty years have elapsed since I first proposed to publish it in detail for medical readers - that is, with the correspondence and other matter now contained in Part II and in portions of Part III of this volume but my numerous malaria-expeditions, and then the compilation of my textbook on the Prevention of Malaria, and lastly the war, interfered with the project. The book is now complete; but I have decided to address it not only to medical men but to the general reader, in the form of my memoirs. There are several good reasons for this. In the first place it is hoped that the work will be of some practical use as regards the reduction of one of the most wide spread of diseases. Now this is a matter which is always ultimately in the hands of laymen - it is they, not the doctors, who rule the world. Hitherto the matter has been left almost entirely to the medical profession, which, however, has failed to carry my scheme of 1899 to its logical conclusion, largely because it is allowed little influence in the world's counsels. Nothing, I am convinced, will really be done in this direction until those who govern us take the trouble to understand the subject. The only way to persuade them is to put the whole matter completely before them from my own point of view. In other words, the book is an appeal to Caesar; and I hope that he will deign to consider it. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from First Progress Report of the Campaign Agains...)
Excerpt from First Progress Report of the Campaign Against Mosquitoes in Sierra Leone The Culex gang, under a native headman, did very rapid work. They piled the rubbish into carts, which then discharged it into an assigned rubbish shoot. At the same time they showed the larvae to occupants of houses and instructed them In the manner of destroying them by emptying the vessels which contain them, or by dropping a little oil on the surface of water in which they live. It was found that on the average this gang cleared about fifty houses, and removed about ten cart loads of empty tins and broken bottles daily. The effect of this work on the prevalence of Culex and Stegomyia can be imagined when it is remembered that about one-third of the tins and bottles contained the larvae at this season (the rains). Every house had previously been breeding mosquitoes in its own backyard or garden. The occupants welcomed the gang where ever it went, and some stated that they had not been able to get rid of their rubbish for years. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Ronald Ross was born on May 13, 1857, as the son of Sir C.C.G. Ross, a General in the English army. His grandfather, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Ross, had malaria, and the boy resolved to find a cure for the disease.
At the age of eight, Ross was sent to England for his education.
Ross was educated at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College for 5 years from 1874 and received his degree in medicine.
In 1879 Ross just managed to pass his Royal College of Surgeons exam - after 3 days cramming. This meant that he could only practice as a ship's surgeon, which he did for a couple of years until he passed an exam for the Society of Apothecaries.
He had an Honorary Doctor of Medicine degree from Stockholm.
Ross entered Indian Medical Service in 1881. When Ross stayed in India, he studied malaria, initially believing that it was caused by intestinal auto-intoxication. He worked at the IPGMER and SSKM Hospital (Presidency General Hospital) from 1882 until 1899.
During Ross’s furlough in England in 1894, his successful, far-reaching malarial studies were initiated.
The questions were which mosquito was the vector and which parasites were the malarial parasites (now known to be species of Plasmodium).
Ross demonstrated that volunteers who drank water contaminated with infected mosquitoes (including larvae) failed to contract the disease.
This, along with his earlier doubts that aerial and water contamination provided a ready explanation for the epidemiology of malaria, did much to direct his attention to the possibility that transmission might be via mosquito bites, a point of view expressed by A. F. A. King in 1883.
From the beginning Ross was especially concerned with the “motile” parasitic filaments found in mosquito stomachs.
In 1883, Ross was posted as the Acting Garrison Surgeon at Bangalore during which time he noticed the possibility of controlling mosquitoes by controlling their access to water.
In September 1897, Ross was transferred to Bombay, from where he was subsequently sent to a malaria-free Kherwara in Rajputana (now Rajasthan). In 1897 as well, Ross was posted in Ooty and fell ill with malaria. After this he was transferred to Secunderabad, where Osmania University and its medical school is located. He discovered the presence of the malarial parasite within a specific species of mosquito, of the genus Anopheles. He initially called them dapple-wings. He was able to find the malaria parasite in a mosquito that he artificially fed on a malaria patient named Hussain Khan.
On 17 February 1898 Ross moved to Calcutta (now Kolkata), to work in the Presidency General Hospital. He started to carry out research in malaria and kala azar, for which he was assigned. He was given the use of Surgeon-Lieutenant-General Cunningham's laboratory for his research.
Using more convenient model of birds, by July 1898 he established the importance of mosquitoes as intermediate hosts in avian malaria. On 4 July he discovered that the salivary gland was the storage sites of malarial parasites in the mosquito. Four days later he was convinced that the parasites are released from the salivary gland during biting. He later demonstrated the transmission of malarial parasite from mosquitoes (in this case Culex species) to healthy birds from an infected one, thus, establishing the complete life cycle of malarial parasite.
In 1899, Ross resigned from Indian Medical Service and went to England to serve at the faculty of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine at the position of a lecturer. He continued to work on prevention of malaria in different parts of the world, including West Africa, the Suez Canal zone, Greece, Mauritius, Cyprus, and in the areas affected by the First World War. He also initiated organisations, which proved to be well established, for fighting malaria in India and Sri Lanka.
In 1917, after eighteen years at Liverpool, Ross was appointed physician of tropical diseases at King’s College Hospital in London. Between 1918 and 1926 he worked as Consultant in Malaria in the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance.
In 1926 he became director of a new facility founded in his name, the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases near London. He remained in this post until his death.
In 1899 the first monograph of the Liverpool School of Tropical Diseases appeared, a short pamphlet of fourteen pages entitled Instructions for the Prevention of Malarial Fever for the Use of Residents in Malarious Places.
Other publications on the same theme were Mosquito Brigades and How to Organise Them (London, 1902) and the much more extensive The Prevention of Malaria (London, 1910), which included surveys of conditions in many countries by various contributors. Through these works Ross continued his great contribution in the form of the discovery of the transmission of malaria by the mosquito.
Ross also found time and mental energy for many other pursuits, being a poet, playwright, writer and painter. Particularly, his poetic works gained him wide acclaim which was independent of his medical and mathematical standing.
Ross's discovery of the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of the Anopheles mosquito led to the realization that malaria was transmitted by Anopheles, and laid the foundation for combating the disease. He was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the life cycle of malarial parasite in 1902.
He was also awarded with the title Officer of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium.
Ross made many contributions to the epidemiology of malaria and to methods of its survey and assessment, but perhaps his greatest was the development of mathematical models for the study of its epidemiology, initiated in his report on Mauritius in 1908, elaborated in his Prevention of Malaria in 1911 and further elaborated in a more generalized form in scientific papers published by the Royal Society in 1915 and 1916. These papers represented a profound mathematical interest which was not confined to epidemiology, but led him to make material contributions to both pure and applied mathematics. Those related to «pathometry» are best known and, 40 years later, constitute the basis of much of the epidemiological understanding of insect-borne diseases.
Concerning his another attainments, there can be named such as the road linking Presidency General Hospital with Kidderpore Road has been renamed after him as Sir Ronald Ross Sarani; in his memory, the regional infectious disease hospital at Hyderabad was named after him as Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases in recognition of his services in the field of tropical diseases.
(Excerpt from Memoirs: With a Full Account of the Great Ma...)
(Excerpt from First Progress Report of the Campaign Agains...)
(Excerpt from Report on the Prevention of Malaria in Mauri...)
(This historic book may have numerous typos and missing te...)
(Excerpt from Report on Malaria at Ismailia and Suez Drs. ...)
(Philosophies by Ronald Ross. Worldwide literature classic...)
1910Quotations: “I was neglecting my duty in the medical profession. was doing my current work, it was true; but what had I attempted towards bettering mankind by trying to discover the causes of those diseases which are perhaps mankind’s chief enemies?”
Ross received honorary membership of learned societies of most countries in Europe, and elsewhere.
Ronald Ross was eccentric and egocentric, described as an "impulsive man".
In 1889 Ross married Rosa Bessie Bloxam. They had two daughters, Dorothy and Sylvia, and two sons, Ronald Campbell and Charles Claye. His wife died in 1931.
He was a general of the British Indian Army.
(1891–1947)
(1893–1925)
(1895–1914)
(1901–1966)
