Ueber Die Histogenese Des Peripheren Nervensystems Bei Salmo Salar (1901) (German Edition)
(This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of th...)
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The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 31: July-November, 1920 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 31...)
Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 31: July-November, 1920
This, I think, is a fact which deserves notice. At first I thought that the blood which might have covered the wound at an earlier stage could have been washed away or that the animal bled from four to five hours before the bleeding stopped. But both these cases seem rather improbable. In the first place, I could not detect any moisture on the filter-paper which I placed on the open wound directly after Operation; secondly, the conditions in which the Octopoda live would be very harmful to them if they were subject to prolonged bleedings from wounds in the arm. Brock believes that to a certain degree some rela tion between the oecology of the animal and the relatively great regenerative power Of the arm exists. He wrote as follows.
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(This work has been selected by scholars as being cultural...)
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As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
(This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. T...)
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections
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The Journal Of Experimental Zoology, Volume 23
Ross Granville Harrison, John Spangler Nicholas, William Keith Brooks, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, American Society of Zoologists
Wiley-Liss, 1917
Zoology
The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 32: January-April, 1921 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 32...)
Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 32: January-April, 1921
Rule 2. An inverted bud (dorsoventral) gives rise to a limb of reversed asymmetry, whether implanted on the same or on the opposite side of the body.
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This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
(This work has been selected by scholars as being cultural...)
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1905, Vol. 2 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1905, V...)
Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1905, Vol. 2
I. In the first section (p. 5) the experiments on the leaflets of the compound leaf will be briefly referred to as constituting a case of regulation of a system in which there is no regeneration of the removed part. The readjustment is here confined to the unin jured portions and the assumption of an interaction between the members of the leaf constitutes an important factor in the explana tion of the changes that take place.
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This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1909, Vol. 7 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1909, V...)
Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, 1909, Vol. 7
The axial relations assumed by the new head in reference to the common foot were not constant for even the same hydra at difl'er ent times. The new head was sometimes at right angles to the stock hydra, it sometimes formed a right angle with the foot and a straight line with the original head, it sometimes formed an obtuse angle with the foot making a Y - shaped structure, and it was some times at an acute angle with the foot forming a A - shaped ngure. The new hydranth never showed any tendency to travel toward the aboral end of the stock hydra. This is of interest in connection with Miss King's experiments in grafting whole heads into the side of stock hydras. As a result of her work, she found that the graft either separated from the stock in from I4. To 22 days, or migrated toward the foot region and separated in from 5 to 7 weeks. These two modes of separation are due, she concludes from her experiments, to the axial relations assumed by the components of the graft. If the graft remains at right angles to the trunk, separation takes place without migration; if the graft forms a Y - shaped structure with the stock, it migrates toward the aboral end before separating. The new hydranth that is formed in my experiment seems to act quite difierently. It has no definite axial relations with the stock and does not migrate toward the foot. As to the final separation of the regenerated hydranth from the old stock, I can say nothing, for I have not succeeded in keeping these grafts more than a month after operation, and they have not separated within that time.
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This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 30: January-May, 1920 (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 30...)
Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 30: January-May, 1920
Fig. 1 Arcella dentata. Outline of the shell of the progenitor of family 150. The inner circle represents the mouth opening. X 207.
Fig. 3 Arcella dentata. Outline of the shell of specimen The cross line indicates the portion of the shell and cytoplasm removed. The small circles represent the two nuclei. X 207.
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On the Occurrence of Tails in Man: With a Description of the Case Reported by Dr. Watson (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from On the Occurrence of Tails in Man: With a De...)
Excerpt from On the Occurrence of Tails in Man: With a Description of the Case Reported by Dr. Watson
There. Are, however, a great many cases in which the ana tomical relations of the tail are such as to indicate that it owes its existence to the persistence of at least part of the vestigeal tail found in the human embryo.' In some of these it seems that the coccyx extends down into the tail, though there is no good evidence that there is ever an increase over the normal number of'coccygeal vertebrae in these instances.
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Ross Granville Harrison was an American biologist and anatomist. He was the first scientist who successfully grew artificial animal-tissue culture and pioneered organ-transplantation techniques.
Background
Ross Granville Harrison was born on January 13, 1870 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the only son of Samuel Harrison, a native of Philadelphia, and Catherine Diggs.
Harrison's early boyhood was spent in Germantown, where his interest in the natural environment was fostered in his first school. Usually reserved about his family, Harrison enjoyed telling of his father's professional life as a mechanical engineer. After an apprenticeship as pattern maker, his father spent ten years (1844-1854) in Russia with the American engineers Andrew Eastwick, Joseph Harrison and Thomas Winans. There they equipped and ran the first railroad between St. Petersburg and Moscow under a contract awarded by the czar to George Washington Whistler, father of James McNeill Whistler. From his father Harrison acquired a fine collection of Whistler etchings and his lifelong interest in railroads.
After the death of his mother, he lived with his mother's brother, John Diggs, in Baltimore, Maryland.
Education
Harrison was educated in public and private schools. He then took the chemical-biological course at the Johns Hopkins University and received the B. A. degree in 1889.
Harrison had intended to study medicine, but the fascinating lectures of William K. Brooks in his third year of undergraduate study turned his interest to biological science and the study of animal form. The training at Johns Hopkins provided a point of view in advance of its time.
He started his graduate studies at Hopkins in 1889; his principal teachers were Brooks, H. N. Martin, and W. H. Howell. In 1890 he had a summer job at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, with the U. S. Fish Commission to investigate oyster development and in 1892 was a member of the Johns Hopkins expedition to Jamaica.
In 1892 Harrison transferred to the University of Bonn, where the influence and friendship of Moritz Nussbaum were of paramount importance in his life. Nussbaum suggested his doctoral dissertation, the study of the median and paired fins of the salmon. A paper on the dermal bones of the fins was followed by a more exhaustive study of all of the fins with their segmental muscle buds and nerve plexuses, and the publication of four more papers. His dissertation was finished after his return to Johns Hopkins, where he received the Ph. D. degree in 1894.
On return visits to the University of Bonn as a medical student in 1895, 1898, and 1899, Harrison worked on the histogenesis of the peripheral nerves of the salmon, and was awarded the Doctor of Medicine degree in 1899.
Career
Harrison resigned a fellowship at Johns Hopkins in 1894 in order to substitute for T. H. Morgan as a lecturer on morphology at Bryn Mawr College. In 1896 he was appointed instructor in anatomy at the Johns Hopkins Medical School under Franklin P. Mall. He became associate in anatomy (1897-1899) and then associate professor of anatomy (1899-1907). He taught anatomy, histology, and neurology and conducted research in embryology and neurology. His research in embryology was stimulated by Gustav Born's experiments in which he united parts of amphibian embryos (1894-1897).
Harrison adapted the technique for study of many different development problems, such as the growth and differentiation of the tail, muscle-nerve relationships, and the lateral line system of sense organs (1897-1903). He performed a series of experiments in which the head region of one species of frog embryo was grafted to the body of another species with different pigmentation. In these experiments it was possible to observe the shifting of the epidermis and the course of the lateral line sense organs from the head primordium to the tip of the tail. One chimeric frog metamorphosed.
Harrison's early studies of the developing nervous system were continued in an extensive series of transplantation experiments (1900-1910). They were designed to investigate three theories of nerve fiber formation: the neurone concept of nerve fiber outgrowth; derivation from peripheral preexisting and actively functioning protoplasmic bridges; and origin from nerve sheath cells. He proved first that cells in the nerve centers are responsible for the formation of the nerve fibers and that the sheath cells are not essential by removing their source, the neural crest. He then devised the first experiment of explanting small pieces of frog medullary cord in clotted lymph outside the body with the use of the hanging drop method, which permitted direct observation of the outgrowing amoeboid nerve fiber from a single nerve cell. Another set of experiments demonstrated that outgrowing nerves require solid support.
Harrison continued his tissue culture experiments at Yale after he was appointed the first Bronson professor of comparative anatomy and head of the department (1907). Tissue culture has been adapted for wide use and has retained its importance in both biological and medical research laboratories. Between 1910 and 1913, Harrison planned and supervised the construction of the Osborn Memorial Laboratories. In 1913 he initiated a series of transplantation experiments to study the localization and induction of the amphibian forelimb and demarcated its mesodermal site of origin.
In subsequent years he investigated intrinsic factors in the growth of the forelimb, ear, eye, gills, balancer, and other organs. Parts of embryos of different species with varying growth rates were combined by grafting into normal organisms. A quantitative analysis of the heteroplastic limb experiments revealed that the form, growth rate, and ultimate size are fixed mainly in the limb mesoderm. Harrison's study of the factors that influence development and symmetry of the inner ear, an ectodermal organ, equaled the limb experiments in number and importance. The constituents of composite organs such as the eye and gills were interchanged heteroplastically in order to study ultimate size and regulation in the developing organism. A wide range of developmental problems provided doctoral dissertations for Harrison's students; his influence was reflected in their future achievements.
Harrison's pervading interest in organic symmetry and asymmetry is apparent in experiments that preceded and accompanied the early localization experiments. Although many investigators supported the crystal analogy in respect to organization of living protoplasm, Harrison was the first to give concrete evidence of the relation of visible structure to molecular configuration. He used the paired organs, the amphibian limb and ear, which are in two forms, rights and lefts, and are the mirror image of each other. In early stages the cells composing these organs are essentially alike, in that any part of the rudiment can give rise to any part of the organ. Harrison transplanted the limb rudiment or ear placode in different orientations to the same or opposite side of the body at different stages of development. He found that at a given time in their development, certain elements of the protoplasm give evidence of definite orientation that they did not have before; that is, the various embryonic axes (anteroposterior, dorsoventral, and mediolateral) became polarized at different times in sequential order. Results of the experiments with forelimb and ear were similar. When the anteroposterior axis is reversed in grafting, a right limb or ear rudiment may be made to develop into a left limb or ear; when the anteroposterior axis is not reversed, a right rudiment develops into a right limb or ear, wherever placed. Harrison attributed the results to changes of a crystalline nature in the ultrastructure of the protoplasm. With W. T. Astbury and K. M. Rudall of the University of Leeds, England, an attempt was made to demonstrate this with X-ray diffraction (1940). Although the results were negative, dissatisfaction was felt with the preparation of the tissues and not with the hypothesis of oriented (crystalline) structure.
Harrison was managing editor of the Journal of Experimental Zoology (1904-1946) after its founding in 1903. Administrative duties that started with his appointment as head of the zoology department continued during his tenure of the Sterling professorship of biology (1927-1938) at Yale. After retirement in 1938, he was appointed chairman of the National Research Council, where his concern was mainly with scientific aspects of defense during World War II. He served as trustee, adviser, and in various major posts at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachussets, the Bermuda Biological Station, and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He published eighty-three papers, some of them lectures that were general in scope, but no books. His Silliman lectures (Yale, 1949) were published posthumously.
(Excerpt from The Journal of Experimental Zoölogy, Vol. 30...)
Views
Although a keen morphogeneticist and an admirer of Goethe, Harrison himself did not philosophise much in his papers and, being somewhat reserved and diffident in his social dealings despite his warm feelings for his students' attainment, did not enjoy lecturing but chiefly confined himself to organisation, publication and patient experiment.
Membership
Harrison was a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1913), the American Philosophical Society (1913), the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (1929), the Royal Society (1940), and the Académie des Sciences, Institut de France (1946).
Personality
Harrison was a reserved, quiet person with a great sense of responsibility and high standards in his dealings with people and in his scientific work. His warmth was apparent in his great kindness and capacity for friendship with colleagues, students, and others with whom he was associated.
Quotes from others about the person
Harrison was once described by Fortune as "America's most famous unknown scientist. "
Interests
Writers
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Connections
On January 9, 1896, Harrison married Ida Lange. They had five children.