Background
Rudolf Lotze was born in Bautzen, Saxony, Germany on the 21st of May 1817; the son of a physician.
(Excerpt from Outlines of Aesthetics: Dictated Portions of...)
Excerpt from Outlines of Aesthetics: Dictated Portions of the Lectures of Hermann Lotze The German from which this translation is made was prepared upon the basis of the lectures delivered in the Summer-semester of 1856. After this date we find a course on esthetics announced only once. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Excerpt from Metaphysic: In Three Books; Ontology, Cosmol...)
Excerpt from Metaphysic: In Three Books; Ontology, Cosmology, and Psychology I can promise nothing in respect of the third volume but that, should I have strength to finish it, it will be confined to a discussion of the main problems of Practical Philosophy. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 18...)
This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 1884 edition by S. Hirzel, Leipzig.
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(Excerpt from Logic, in Three Books: Of Thought, of Invest...)
Excerpt from Logic, in Three Books: Of Thought, of Investigation, and of Knowledge Correspond respectively to Investigation and Exposition; are more general than methods of applied Logic. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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(Outlines of Metaphysic)
Outlines of Metaphysic
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(§ l. Our every-day apprehension of the World is pervaded ...)
§ l. Our every-day apprehension of the World is pervaded throughout with suppositions concerning an inner coherency of its phenomena, which is in no wise immediately perceived by us, and yet is regarded as needing no explanation and as necessary. Thus, for example, even the most common apprehension of the world is impossible without articulating the content of our perceptions in such a manner that we assume 'Things' as the supports and centres of its phenomena and events, and all kinds of ' reciprocal actions' as being interchanged between them. Neither those things, however, nor these actions, are immediate objects of perception. In the same manner are both a theoretic apprehension and a practical treatment of the world inconceivable without the supposition of a causal connection of that which has actual existence. All these and other suppositions we have become accustomed to in life with the feeling of their necessity, but without availing ourselves of a clear knowledge of their Table of Contents Introduction i; FIRST PRINCIPAL DIVISION ONTOLOGY; Preliminary Remarks 15; Chapter I, Of the Significance (Conception) of; Being 18; Chapter II Of the Content of the Existent 25; Chapter III Of the Conception of Reality 35; Chapter IV Of Change 45; Chapter V Of Causes and Effects 57; SECOND PRINCIPAL DIVISION COSMOLOGY; Preliminary Remark 77; Chapter I Of Space, Time, and Motion 79; Chapter II Of Matter roo; Chapter III Of the Coherency of Natural Events 113; THIRD PRINCIPAL DIVISION PHENOMENOLOGY; Chapter 1 Of the Subjectivity of Cognition 129; Chapter II Of the Objectivity of Cognition 143; Chapter III Summary and Conclusion 153 About the Publisher Forgotten Books is a publisher of historical writings, such as: Philosophy, Classics, Science, Religion, History, Folklore and Mythology. Forgotten Books' Classic Reprint Series utili
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(This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 18...)
This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 1885 edition by S. Hirzel, Leipzig.
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Rudolf Lotze was born in Bautzen, Saxony, Germany on the 21st of May 1817; the son of a physician.
He received his education in the gymnasium of Zittau under teachers who inspired him with an enduring love of the classical authors, as we see from his translation of the Antigone of Sophocles into Latin verse, published when he had reached middle life.
He went to the university of Leipzig as a student of philosophy and natural sciences, but entered officially as a student of medicine.
Lotze's first essay was his dissertation De futurae biologiae principibus philosophicis, with which he gained (1838) the degree of doctor of medicine, after having only four months previously got the degree of doctor of philosophy.
He was then only seventeen.
It appears that thus early Lotze's studies were governed by two distinct interests.
The first was scientific, based upon mathematical and physical studies under the guidance of E. H. Weber, W. Volckmann and G. T. Fechner.
Lotze laid the foundation of his philosophical system very early in his Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1841) and his Logik (1843), short books published while he was still a junior lecturer at Leipzig, from which university he migrated to Gottingen, succeeding Herbart in the chair of philosophy.
But it was only during the last decade of his life that he ventured, with much hesitation, to present his ideas in a systematic and final form.
Lotze became first known to a larger circle through a series of works which had the object of establishing in the study of the physical and mental phenomena of the human organism in its normal and diseased states the same general principles which had been adopted in the investigation of inorganic phenomena.
These works were his Allgemeine Pathologic mend Therapie cols mechanisehe iliaturwissensehaften (Leipzig, 1842, 2nd ed. , 1848), the articles " Lebenskraft" (1843) and "Seele und Seelenleben" (1846) in Rud.
Wagner's Handworter- buch der Physiologie, his Allgemeine Physiologie des Korper- lichen Lebens (Leipzig, 1851), and his Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (Leipzig, 1852).
When Lotze published these works, medical science was still much under the influence of Schelling's philosophy of nature.
The mechanical laws, to which external things were subject, were conceived as being valid only in the inorganic world ; in the organic and mental worlds these mechanical laws were conceived as being disturbed or overridden by other powers, such as the influence of final causes, the existence of types, the work of vital and mental forces.
This confusion Lotze, who had been trained in the school of mathematical reasoning, tried to dispel.
The object of those writings was to establish the all-pervading rule of mechanism.
But the mechanical view of nature is not identical with the materialistic.
In the last of the above-mentioned works the question is discussed at great length how we have to consider mind, and the relation between mind and body; the answer is-we have to consider mind as an immaterial principle, its action, however, on the body and vice versa as purely mechanical, indicated by the fixed laws of a psycho-physical mechanism.
In many passages of his works on pathology, physiology, and psychology Lotze had distinctly stated that the method of research which he advocated there did not give an explanation of the phenomena of life and mind, but only the means of observing and connecting them together; that the meaning of all phenomena, and the reason of their peculiar connexions, was a philosophical problem which required to be attacked from a different point of view; and that the significance especially which lay in the phenomena of life and mind would only unfold itself if by an exhaustive survey of the entire life of man, individually, socially, and historically, we gain the necessary data for deciding what meaning attaches to the existence of this microcosm, or small world of human life, in the macrocosm of the universe.
(Excerpt from Metaphysic: In Three Books; Ontology, Cosmol...)
(Excerpt from Outlines of Aesthetics: Dictated Portions of...)
(Excerpt from Logic, in Three Books: Of Thought, of Invest...)
(This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 18...)
(This Elibron Classics book is a facsimile reprint of a 18...)
(Outlines of Metaphysic)
(§ l. Our every-day apprehension of the World is pervaded ...)
The true method of science which he possessed forced him to condemn as useless the entire form which Sehelling's and Hegel's expositions had adopted, especially the dialectic method of the latter, whilst his love of art and beauty, and his appreciation of moral purposes, revealed to him the existence beyond the phenomenal world of a world of values or worths into which no exact science could penetrate.
It is evident how this initial position at once defined to him the tasks which philosophy had to perform.
First there were the natural sciences themselves only just emerging from an unclear conception of their true method, - especially those which studied the borderland of physical and mental phenomena, the medical sciences, pre-eminently that science which has since become so popular, the science of biology.
Then, secondly, there arose the question whether the methods of exact science sufficed to explain the connexion of phenomena, or whether for the explanation of this the thinking mind was forced to resort to some hypothesis not immediately verifiable by observation, but dictated by higher aspirations and interests.
And, if to satisfy these we were forced to maintain the existence of a world of moral standards, it was, thirdly, necessary to form some opinion as to the relation of these moral standards of value to the forms and facts of phenomenal existence.
These different tasks, which philosophy had to fulfil, mark pretty accurately the aims of Lotze's writings, and the order in which they were published.
A phenomenon a, if followed by b in the one case, is followed by the same b also in the other case.
Final causes, vital and mental forces, the soul itself can, if they act at all, only act through the inexorable mechanism of natural laws.
As we therefore have only to do with the study of existing complexes of material and spiritual phenomena, the changes in these must be explained in science by the rule of mechanical laws, such as obtain everywhere in the world, and only by such.
One of the results of these investigations was to extend the meaning of the word mechanism, and comprise under it all laws which obtain in the phenomenal world, not excepting the phenomena of life and mind.
Mechanism was the unalterable connexion of every phenomenon a with other phenomena b, c, d, either as following or preceding it; mechanism was the inexorable form into which the events of this world are cast, and by which they are connected.
Quotations: "For all the laws of this mechanism are but the very will of the universal soul, nothing else than the condition for the realization of God. "
