The compleat English gardener, or gardening made perfectly easy: containing full and plain directions for the proper management of the flower, fruit and kitchen gardens
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The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification:
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Cambridge University Library
T165507
London : printed for John Cooke, 1769. iv,156,8p.,plate ; 12°
The Foundations of Scientific Agriculture (Classic Reprint)
(Excerpt from The Foundations of Scientific Agriculture
I...)
Excerpt from The Foundations of Scientific Agriculture
IT is hoped that the following chapters will supply a want which seems to be felt in the Bombay Presidency, if not everywhere in India and the Colonies - viz. A concise manual containing an outline of the Foundational Principles of Scientific Agriculture.
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Samuel Cooke was born on December 29, 1898 in Ukraine. He was the son of Kalman Cooke, a tailor, and of Ethel Winokur. The family immigrated to the United States and settled in Philadelphia in 1908. Cooke became a citizen upon his father's naturalization in 1913.
Education
He completed grammar school in 1910.
Career
He began selling vegetables door to door, first from a basket and later from a pushcart. As he prospered, he acquired a horse and wagon and, finally, a truck. Cooke was a food speculator from 1920 to 1927.
In the latter year, with two partners, Morris and Isaac Kaplan, he founded the Penn Fruit Company, serving as its president until 1960. (At about the same time, in Memphis, Tennessee, Clarence Saunders opened the first store in what became the Piggly Wiggly chain; Saunders and Cooke are considered the originators of the self-service supermarket. )
Cooke believed that for the supermarket, volume and variety were related factors, and that the automobile was the key to that relation. The advent of the automobile made possible large stores strategically located to draw on more than one neighborhood. The Penn Fruit specialty was fresh fruit and vegetables, which, because of their perishability, other grocers regarded as marginal. Cooke was a pioneer in techniques of getting these goods from the farm to the store quickly, without loss of freshness. For example, in order to market corn before the heat of the day caused its sugar content to turn to starch, Penn Fruit arranged with Bucks County farmers to pick their corn in the cool hours after midnight; eggs were purchased, candled, and put on sale in less than twenty-four hours. Techniques such as these made possible the quality perishables that assured Penn Fruit's success. With thirty employees in 1927, Penn Fruit grossed $213, 102; when Cooke retired as president in 1960 the company had 5, 000 employees and grossed $167 million. By that time the company was operating eighty supermarkets in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. It had a huge food distribution center in Philadelphia, as well as bakery, greenhouse, candy kitchen, and seafood subsidiaries. Sales in Penn Fruit stores were consistently double those of the average American supermarket.
A characteristic example of Cooke's unorthodox methods was the huge store, probably the largest of its type in the world at that time (46, 700 square feet of floor space), that Penn Fruit built in downtown Philadelphia in 1946.
Assuming that the store would attract many of the trolley, subway, automobile, and suburban train passengers who passed through the area each day, as well as many movie patrons, the company built a store specializing in perishables and providing many conveniences, including a refrigerator in which customers could check purchases while they attended a movie or shopped elsewhere. In the first week the store registered 50, 000 sales.
Cooke was involved in a number of other business enterprises. He was president of Hanna Realty Company from 1927 until his death, and a member of the board of the Camden Cold Storage Company and the Crown Cork and Seal Company. In 1942 he helped found Topco Associates to centralize the buying power of twenty-seven food chains, so that they could compete with larger chains. Cooke served from 1948 to 1952 on the U. S. Department of Agriculture's deciduous fruit committee, and in 1954 he prepared the comprehensive plan for the Food Distribution Center, Philadelphia's wholesale fruit and produce distributing facility. In 1953 he advised Swedish cooperatives on the conversion of their markets to self-service stores, and his advice was sought in the establishment of the first Australian and Yugoslav supermarkets.
Cooke showed great regard for the rights of his employees, and was a leader in the adoption of fair employment practices in Philadelphia. Turnover of company personnel was very low, and 98 percent of the employees who served in World War II returned to the company after the war.