Background
Samuel Heintzelman was born on September 30, 1805, in Manheim, Pennsylvania, United States, the son of Peter and Ann Elizabeth (Grubb) Heintzelman.
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Samuel Heintzelman was born on September 30, 1805, in Manheim, Pennsylvania, United States, the son of Peter and Ann Elizabeth (Grubb) Heintzelman.
Samuel Heintzelman received a fair elementary education and was appointed a cadet at West Point in 1822.
Graduating Samuel Heintzelman became a lieutenant in the 2nd Infantry and was promoted to captain in 1838. In 1847 he joined General Scott’s expedition against the City of Mexico and was brevetted major for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Huamantla. He was promoted to major in 1855 and served with the 16t Infantry in California, being again brevetted, this time for gallantry in action against Indians.
He founded Fort Yuma, Arizona, afterwards operating along the Rio Grande border, then infested with marauders. Early in 1861 he was called to Washington as inspector of the forces there collecting. In May he was appointed colonel of the 17th Infantry, and a few days later brigadier-general of volunteers. On May 24 he captured Alexandria, Virginia, initiating the military operations near Washington.
Soon after Heintzelman was assigned to the 3rd Division of McDowell’s army, which he commanded in the ensuing Bull Run campaign. In the battle of Bull Run he led his division to the support of Hunter’s troops, already engaged. Heintzelman’s troops were slow to arrive, and no united attack was made; yet they captured the Henry house, the key point of the battlefield. The enemy, through an unfortunate error being mistaken for friends, was able to seize the Union artillery, which had advanced to a line near the Henry house. Heintzelman personally directed numerous efforts to recapture the lost guns, and fought desperately but unsuccessfully. His division was driven from the field, and he himself was severely wounded.
In the spring of 1862, Heintzelman commanded the III Corps, in General McClellan’s army during the Peninsula campaign. He led the advance on Yorktown, again initiating operations. His report to McClellan that an assault was impracticable was one of the causes of the protracted siege, which ended on May 4 when the Confederates quietly marched away. Heintzelman started in pursuit, and late the same day his corps gained contact with the enemy near Williamsburg. On May 5 a severe battle was fought, the main attack being largely under Heintzelman’s direction. The result was indecisive, owing to lack of coordination between the Union commanders. Three years later Heintzelman was brevetted for his gallant conduct in this battle.
At the battle of Seven Pines, May 31, Heintzelman was the senior officer south of the Chickahominy. When the news of the Confederate attack upon the front line reached him, he at once sent his own corps to the front to resist the advancing enemy. He himself went forward and attempted to restore order among the retiring troops; but personal bravery did not compensate for absence of leadership, and unorganized efforts only prolonged the fighting into the next day without securing victory.
Heintzelman was selected to lead what was intended to be the final attack on Richmond, commencing June 25. This started the Seven Days’ battles. A slight initial gain was counterbalanced on June 26 by the Confederate attack elsewhere on the battlefield. McClellan decided to withdraw his army. Heintzelman fell back, on June 29, rather precipitately, due to a misunderstanding of the situation. On June 30, his corps fought well. On July 1, at Malvern Hill, it was engaged, but not as seriously as other troops. On July 4, Heintzelman was promoted to major-general of volunteers.
His next service was in August 1862, when his corps, withdrawn from the Peninsula, was sent to reenforce Pope’s army in the Manassas campaign. Two days, August 27-28, were spent in exhausting marches. On August 29 Heintzelman attacked what he supposed to be a retreating enemy, but instead found the redoubtable Jackson awaiting him. His attack was repulsed. Its renewal the next day met with no greater success, and the Union army withdrew. Heintzelman was now assigned to the defenses of Washington, on which duty he remained until October 1863.
Early in 1864, Heintzelman was sent to command the Northern (Central States) Department, from which he was relieved in October of the same year. He was employed on courts-martial duty for the remainder of the war. Mustered out of the volunteer service in August 1865, he assumed command of the 17th Infantry, and served with it, mostly in Texas, until retired in February 1869. A few months later, he was made a major-general retired, by special act of Congress. He resided in Washington until his death.
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Samuel Heintzelman had a stern, rather unkempt appearance, with full beard and long, thin hair. Although he was gifted with personal bravery, his gallant conduct failed to make him a successful leader; he lacked initiative, and magnified difficulties.
On December 5, 1844, Samuel Heintzelman married Margaret Stewart of Albany, New York.