Background
Johnson was born on July 3, 1830, in Kingsboro, New York, the third son of Abner Adolphus and Annah Wells (Gilbert) Johnson, both of pure colonial descent. He spent his boyhood on his father's farm at Deer River, New York.
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Johnson was born on July 3, 1830, in Kingsboro, New York, the third son of Abner Adolphus and Annah Wells (Gilbert) Johnson, both of pure colonial descent. He spent his boyhood on his father's farm at Deer River, New York.
Johnson was educated at Lowville Academy, where he obtained his first instruction in chemistry. His youthful essay, "On Fixing Ammonia, " gave promise of the man. In 1850, he entered Yale College where he was inspired by his teacher, John Pitkin Norton, to make agricultural chemistry his life work. As a result of Norton's influence he went to Germany in 1853 to complete his chemical education under Erdmann at Leipzig and Liebig at Munich.
Johnson fitted up a laboratory on his father's farm in 1848, but gave up private experimenting late in this year to accept a position as instructor at Flushing Institute, Long Island. After returning from his European studies he was appointed professor of analytical chemistry at the Yale Scientific School in 1856, and in the same year became chemist of the Connecticut State Agricultural Society. The subject of agricultural chemistry was added to his professorship in 1857. Seven books and 172 articles upon agriculture and agricultural chemistry are among the evidences of his industry. His lectures and publications upon soils, rotation of crops, fertilizers, methods of analysis, plant nutrition, food adulteration, and many other subjects exerted a great influence upon the development of scientific agriculture in America.
By beginning in 1856 a systematic chemical examination of the commercial fertilizers which were sold in Connecticut, he became the founder of agricultural regulatory work in America. Johnson was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the Connecticut law of 1869 which, although imperfect, was one of the first that required fertilizers to be labeled with a statement of composition. He was the first leader in the movement that led to the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in the United States, as a result of which Connecticut, in 1875, with private financial support, established at Middletown the first state institution of this kind, with W. O. Atwater, a former pupil and assistant of Johnson, as director. In 1877, the experiment station was reorganized as a wholly independent state establishment in New Haven, with Johnson as director from 1877 to 1899.
He was an excellent critic of agricultural chemical work and performed a lasting service in the two classic volumes How Crops Grow (1868) and How Crops Feed (1870), which have been translated into many foreign languages. He is also to be remembered for his well-known translations of the famous manuals of Fresenius by which many American chemists obtained their introduction to qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Johnson retired in 1896 and died on July 21, 1909.
(Excerpt from How Crops Grow: A Treatise on the Chemical C...)
(This book was originally published prior to 1923, and rep...)
(This is a reproduction of a classic text optimised for ki...)
Johnson was president of the American Chemical Society in 1878, president of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in 1885, president of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Stations in 1896, a member of the National Academy of Sciences from 1866, and an associate fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
On October 13, 1858, Johnson married Elizabeth Erwin Blinn of Essex, New York.