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The resurrection of the same body, as asserted and illustrated by St. Paul. A sermon preach'd in the parish-church of Great Torrington, Devon. On ... ... March 25, 1733. By Samuel Johnson, ...
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National Library of Scotland
T170824
London : printed for Lawton Gilliver, and sold by Nathaniel Thorn in Exeter, 1733. 6,50p. ; 8°
Samuel Johnston was an American Revolutionary leader, United States senator, judge, attorney, and planter. He served as the Governor of North Carolina from 1787 to 1889 until he was elected as a United States Senator from 1789 to 1793.
Background
Samuel Johnston was born on December 15, 1733 in Dundee, Scotland. While he was an infant, his parents, Samuel and Helen (Scrymoure) Johnston, emigrated to North Carolina, probably accompanying their brother, Gabriel Johnston, who had become governor of the colony, and settled in Onslow County.
Education
Young Johnston attended school in New Haven, Connecticut, then in 1754 he went to Edenton, North Carolina, where he studied law.
Career
In 1754 Samuel Johnston went to Edenton, North Carolina, where he studied law and finally settled, residing after 1765 at "Hayes, " a beautiful home on Albemarle Sound. In 1759, by election to the Assembly, he entered upon the most notable political career in the history of North Carolina. His service in the Assembly was uninterrupted until 1775. During part of that time he was clerk of the court of the Edenton district and deputy naval officer of the port.
In 1773 he was a member of the Committee of Correspondence. He was also a delegate to the first four provincial congresses and was president of the third and fourth.
In 1775 he became one of the colonial treasurers, a member at large of the provincial Council of Safety, the executive branch of the revolutionary government, and district paymaster of troops. He was defeated for the fifth provincial congress, but he was chosen by the body a member of the commission delegated to codify the laws then in force.
In 1779, 1783, and 1784, he sat in the North Carolina Senate, a service interrupted in 1780 upon his election to the Continental Congress. In 1781 he declined the presidency of the Congress and the following year he retired. In 1785 he was named on the commission appointed to settle the boundary dispute between Massachusetts and New York.
In 1787 he was elected governor and was twice reelected, but in 1789 he resigned to become the first United States senator from North Carolina, filling that position until 1793. He was president of the North Carolina convention of 1788, which refused to ratify the federal constitution, and of that of 1789, which accepted it. He was the first trustee of the University of North Carolina and served for twelve years.
His final public service was a superior court judgeship from 1800 to 1803, after which he spent the rest of his life in happy retirement.
Johnston was buried in the family graveyard at Hayes Plantation, Edenton.
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Religion
Johnston was a member of St. Paul's Church (Anglican), Edenton, where he served on the vestry (27 Apr. 1767–April 1776) and as church warden (30 April 1768–16 Apr. 1770).
Politics
Johnston was a leader of North Carolina's Federalists, and was elected president unanimously although the Anti-Federalists controlled the convention.
Views
Samuel Johnston's point of view was in the preservation of the fundamental rights and privileges of English liberty without at the same time sacrificing law, order, and stability. It was soon evident that a wide divergence of view existed in the state concerning the character of the proposed government, and a division into radical and conservative groups followed.
At the head of the former was Willie Jones of Halifax; Johnston led the latter. By agreement, the adoption of a constitution was postponed until the next congress, and when the election came, a tremendous and united effort of the radicals resulted in Johnston's defeat.
He was present in Halifax during the meetings of the congress, however, and exerted a powerful influence upon the character of the constitution adopted. He accepted the doctrine of the popular basis of government, but he could never believe that God employed the mass of the people for a mouthpiece. He believed firmly in constitutional protection of minority rights, and in annual elections to guard them further. He held that representatives should be accountable only to their constituents, but he was hostile to the idea of unrestricted manhood suffrage and advocated a property qualification as protection against "a set of men without reading, experience, or principle to govern them. "
Particularly did he desire life tenure for judges, and his influence probably secured it. He naturally became a Federalist, and his election as president of the convention of 1788 was a high tribute from his political opponents who controlled the body, but he was powerless to win them by his efforts in debate. In the Senate he was not fully in accord with his party, favoring Madison's rather than Hamilton's plan of funding the debt, and strongly opposing the assumption of the state debts, for which, however, he finally voted. But he won disfavor at home by declining to attend the sessions of the legislature to render an account of his stewardship, and he was denied a second election.
Quotations:
Governor Samuel Johnston, July 30, 1788 at the North Carolina Ratifying Convention:
"It is apprehended that Jews, Mahometans, pagans, etc. , may be elected to high offices under the government of the United States Those who are Mahometans, or any others who are not professors of the Christian religion, can never be elected to the office of President, or other high office, but in one of two cases. First, if the people of America lay aside the Christian religion altogether, it may happen. Should this unfortunately take place, the people will choose such men as think as they do themselves. Another case is, if any persons of such descriptions should, notwithstanding their religion, acquire the confidence and esteem of the people of America by their good conduct and practice of virtue, they may be chosen. I leave it to gentlemen's candor to judge what probability there is of the people's choosing men of different sentiments from themselves. "
On June 27, just 13 days before his election to the Presidency, Johnston wrote:
"I was only yesterday favored with the letters which you were so obliging as to write me the 14th of April and 10th of May last. I have wrote to you frequently by casual opportunities, but cannot have any confidence of your having received my letters. I write by this opportunity to my brother, and must refer you to his letter and the enclosed newspaper for news. I am sorry people were in such haste to remove themselves and property from Edenton. I rather could have wished they had thought of defending it, which would have been attended with less risk and expense in my opinion, for till the conquest of Virginia is effected, which I flatter myself will not speedily take place, I scarcely think you will be molested with any considerable invasion, and if the plundering parties meet with opposition they will grow sick of the business. However, every one will and has a right to judge for himself on these occasions. So far as it respects me, I am perfectly satisfied, and shall ever consider myself under the highest obligations to you on this occasion for your friendly attention. I have been detained here longer than I expected from unavoidable circumstances, which I shall have the pleasure of communicating when I can see you. I hope to leave this place some day next week but as it will be necessary for me to take a pretty extensive circuit to avoid the enemy's horse, and the weather being too warm for me to make long days' journeys at this season, I cannot form to myself any judgment respecting the time I shall arrive with you. I am truly sensible what anxiety and distress you must all have sustained in your alarming situation. I have often wished to have been with you on the occasion; indeed my mind has been so much in that country, that it has rendered me almost incapable of attending to any thing elsewhere. This will probably be a very important, though perhaps not a decisive campaign. I am not perfectly informed of the plan on which it will be conducted on our part, nor is it proper that I should communicate so much as I do know to paper. Should a few fortunate events cast up in our favor, I hope there will be no more of it after this summer-if otherwise, God knows where it will end, for America can never submit. Pray remember me most affectionately to my sister and the children. I grow every day more impatient of being absent from my friends; and had I not believed my services, or rather my vote essentially necessary here for some time past, no importunity should have detained me. "
Personality
Johnston was a man of imposing presence and of vigorous mental and physical strength. His intellect was highly cultivated, his vision clear, and his purposes, based always on deep conviction, unselfish. He was conservative and yet progressive; balanced and highly practical.
Connections
On 29 May 1770 Johnston married Frances Cathcart, the daughter of his friend Dr. William Cathcart. She died at the Hermitage on 23 Jan. 1801. They had nine children, four of whom died before their second birthdays and one before he was six. The four who reached maturity were Penelope (m. John Swann), James Cathcart, Frances, and Helen. Johnston's only grandchild, Samuel Johnston Swann, died in childhood.