University of Warsaw.
He was listed on the flight manifest of the Tupolev Tu-154 of the 36th Special Aviation Regiment carrying the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński which crashed near Smolensk-North airport near Pechersk near Smolensk, Russia, on 10 April 2010, killing all aboard.
Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2005) Cross of Grunwald, Third Class Partisan Cross Armia Krajowa Cross Silver Medal for merit in the Field of Glory Medal for participation in a defensive war in 1939 Warsaw Medal 1939–1945 Medal for Odra, Nysa, Baltic Sea Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945 Award of the Minister of National Defence (1964, for a book on the barricades of Warsaw).
He was a Polish underground activist (pseudonym: Nałęcz), a member of underground Scouting (Szare Szeregi), a Soldier of Armia Krajowa, a participant in the Warsaw Uprising, an Officer of the Polish First Army, a participant in the Battle of Kolberg, a writer, and a military historian.
