League of Nations, Its Principal Examined, Vol. II
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(Excerpt from Political Papers Expansion
Y a series of ra...)
Excerpt from Political Papers Expansion
Y a series of rapid events, America has had suddenly thrust upon her the ques tion of expansion in territory which is not contiguous, the question of dependencies. Will dependencies be detrimental to us? Is such a. Policy consistent with the spirit of our insti tutions? Is it reconcilable with our con ceptions of justice? These are the questions we have been asking ourselves. The con fusion and doubt on the subject arise from diverse sources.
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Theodore Marburg was an American publicist, internationalist, and civic leader.
Background
Theodore Marburg was born on July 10, 1862 in Baltimore, Maryland, and was the youngest of six sons and two daughters. His middle name, which he never used, was Herman. His father, William August Marburg, was a native of Germany, and his mother, Christine (Munder) Marburg, was born in Pennsylvania of German parents. William Marburg, the son of a successful iron manufacturer, was already a millionaire when he immigrated to the United States in 1830 and established a tobacco importing business in Baltimore. Theodore Marburg thus enjoyed the benefits of inherited wealth.
Education
He attended Knapp's Institute in Baltimore and the Princeton (N. J. ) Preparatory School and entered Johns Hopkins University in 1880. He withdrew after one year, however, to help run Marburg Brothers Tobacco Company, a business William had purchased for his sons after the Civil War. The company was sold at a substantial profit in 1889 to what afterward became the American Tobacco Company.
Career
Marburg, who cared little for business, agreed to serve for one year as a director of American Tobacco, after which he returned to his formal studies, attending Oxford University (1892 - 1893), the École Libre de la Science Politique in Paris (1893 - 1895), and later, in the summers of 1901 and 1903, Heidelberg. He did not pursue a profession but devoted his life to public service, philanthropy, and the arts. Marburg first attained prominence as an advocate of imperialism in the debate over American policy during and after the Spanish-American War. In 1910 he helped establish the American Society for Judicial Settlement of International Disputes and the Maryland Peace Society, serving as president of the former from 1913 to 1916 and of the latter in 1913. As chairman of an organizing committee, he planned the National Peace Congress, which met in Baltimore in 1911. Long prominent in Maryland Republican politics, Marburg in 1912 was appointed minister to Belgium by President Taft, a post he retained until January 1914. Marburg's major contribution to the cause of peace came in 1915 when he joined with Hamilton Holt, editor of the Independent, the economist Irving Fisher, and other internationalists in founding the League to Enforce Peace, to work for the establishment of a postwar league of nations. They envisaged a league that would require governments to submit all disputes to specified agencies, emphasizing conciliation and judicial processes. States reluctant to follow this procedure would face the concerted military and economic force of the league's members until they did so. Within the League to Enforce Peace, Marburg served as chairman of the foreign relations committee, which sought to develop similar societies abroad and influence their thinking. The league, which enlisted among its leaders ex-President Taft and A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, did much to mobilize American support for the League of Nations, but ultimately found itself powerless to resolve the Senate deadlock over the Treaty of Versailles. Although some of Marburg's associates supported the Republican party in the presidential election of 1920 despite its equivocal stand on the League of Nations, Marburg was one of those who bolted to the Democrats. He remained a Democrat until his death. During the interwar years, he continued his labors for internationalism as a member of the League of Nations Non-Partisan Association and as vice-president (1925) of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, and he supported the unsuccessful campaigns to have the United States join the Permanent Court of International Justice. The immediate purpose of the art society was to help beautify the city, but it quickly grew into a city planning body, even recommending solutions to such technical municipal problems as sewage treatment. On behalf of the society, Marburg hired the architectural firm of Olmsted Brothers, which in 1903 devised Baltimore's highly praised plan for park development; and he later worked with this and other architectural firms in drawing up a comprehensive city plan. He died on March 3, 1946 of a coronary thrombosis at eighty-three while in Vancouver, British Columbia. After funeral services at the family home, his body was cremated and the ashes placed in the family mausoleum in Druid Ridge Cemetery, Baltimore County.
Achievements
Theodore Marburg has been listed as a noteworthy publicist. by Marquis Who's Who.
Although a Unitarian, Marburg regularly attended Episcopal services after his marriage.
Views
In a small book, Expansion (1900), he argued that civilized nations should spread democracy and progress to backward lands. He expressed similar views as a frequent contributor to periodicals, questioning, for example, the ability of different races to mingle successfully and supporting the imposition of immigration restrictions. Although Marburg always retained nationalistic and militaristic sentiments, he believed that constructive planning might resolve international problems and reduce the incidence of war. An internationalist rather than a pacifist, Marburg believed that some wars were justifiable. Germany's attack on Belgium outraged him and he advocated American entry into World War I as early as 1915. (He took a similar interventionist position after the outbreak of World War II. )
Personality
Throughout his life Marburg was active in the cultural and civil life of Baltimore. Slender of build, Marburg typified in manner and bearing the educated and cultured gentleman. He wrote poetry that reflected a romantic outlook and a classical influence. He collected paintings, with a taste toward the contemporary. He enjoyed hunting and fishing and became an accomplished horseman. Marburg had a philosophical turn of mind and a warm sense of humor, and was consistently considerate of others.
Connections
On November 6, 1889, he married Fannie Grainger of Wilmington, N. C. They had four children: Christine, Theodore, Francis Grainger, and Charles Louis.