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The author describes the difficulties in the matter of supporting free elections. Devoting a chapter each to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Haiti, Costa Rica, and Honduras, he reviews the record of U.S. efforts to deal with the problems of its Caribbean neighbors in the 1898-1933 era by this method.
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Theodore P. Wright, Sr. was born on May 25, 1895, in Galesburg, Illinois, the son of Philip Green Wright and Elizabeth Quincy Sewall. Wright's father was professor of mathematics at Lombard College, a respected poet and mentor of Carl Sandburg, and a social activist.
Motivated to excel by the example of his two older brothers, a geneticist and an expert on international law, Wright, Sr. received a B. S. from Lombard College in 1915. Uninterested in aeronautics prior to World War I, nevertheless he enrolled in the United States Naval Reserve Flying Corps at MIT in September 1917.
In 1918 he obtained a B. S. in architectural engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Following graduation, he was given two months of instruction in aeronautical engineering and was then assigned as a naval aircraft inspector. In 1919 Wright, Sr. became chief inspector for four Curtiss NC-4 flying boats being built for a planned transatlantic flight. One of them went from Newfoundland to Portugal via the Azores in May, becoming the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. Wright, Sr. resigned from the navy in November 1921 and joined the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company as an engineer. In 1925 he became chief engineer of the airplane division. Wright, Sr. held a variety of positions following the formation of the Curtiss-Wright Corporation in 1928; he became vice-president and director of engineering in 1937. During his twenty years in private industry, Wright, Sr. supervised the design and production of numerous military and commercial aircraft, including the Hawk, Helldiver, Condor, and C-46. He took special interest in the Tanager, a pioneering short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) airplane that employed a combination of slats, flaps, and floating ailerons to give outstanding low-speed stability and handling characteristics. In 1930 the Tanager won the $100, 000 prize in the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition, bringing Wright, Sr. the prestigious Wright Brothers Medal of the Society of Automotive Engineers. Concerned with development and production as well as design, Wright, Sr. established a project engineer system at Curtiss that became the standard for the aircraft industry. Under this system one individual took responsibility for a new aircraft, from approval of the basic design, through the drafting phases, to final production. Wright, Sr. also developed the widely used learner's curve, an important statistical device used to predict production costs. In June 1940, following President Franklin D. Roosevelt's call for 50, 000 aircraft, Wright, Sr. joined the National Defense Advisory Commission. Nine months later he became assistant chief of the aircraft section in the Office of Production Management, the successor to the commission. After Pearl Harbor, Wright, Sr. served as chairman of the Joint Aircraft Committee (an Anglo-American body that scheduled delivery of all aircraft), as director of the Aircraft Resources Control Office, and as a member of the Aircraft Production Board of the War Production Board. In these positions Wright, Sr. played a key role in expanding aircraft production, especially in developing essential statistical tools that provided accurate information on industrial capacity and measurements of worker efficiency. In September 1944, as aircraft production approached 100, 000 planes a year, Wright, Sr. accepted a presidential appointment as administrator of the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). His first task was to decentralize an organization whose personnel had become increasingly dependent upon Washington for day-to-day decisions. While retaining policy-making at headquarters, Wright, Sr. delegated administrative authority to regional offices. He also institutionalized the designee program, under which the CAA allowed certified private individuals to act as safety inspectors for aircraft and airmen. This freed the aeronautical industry from unnecessary delays and permitted major savings of CAA personnel and expenditures, an important consideration during the budgetary restraints after World War II. During his three-and-a-half years as administrator, Wright, Sr. fostered private aviation to a greater extent than did his predecessors, simplifying regulations for private pilots and directing regional administrators to be more responsive to their problems. He also supervised the modernization of radio aids to navigation, including the replacement of low-frequency radio ranges with very-high-frequency (VHF) omnidirectional ranges and the installation of instrument landing systems. Although he lacked the toughness needed to implement a thorough reorganization of personnel at the CAA, Wright, Sr. brought order and equilibrium to civil aviation. Discouraged when not promoted to assistant secretary of commerce and no longer willing to accept the financial burden of public office, Wright, Sr. resigned in April 1948. Rejecting attractive offers from industry, he became vice-president for research of Cornell University and president of the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory. In 1950, after persuading Harry F. Guggenheim to collaborate with Cornell in establishing a facility to investigate and promote aviation safety, he became chairman of the Cornell-Guggenheim Aviation Safety Center. In 1959 - 1960 he administered a research budget of over $33 million, approximately half of which came from government contracts with the aeronautical laboratory for work on helicopters, missiles, weapon systems, and other defense projects. Wright, Sr. continued to work in aeronautical and community affairs following his retirement in 1960. He took a special interest in environmental and conservation problems. His last paper, a treatise on overpopulation, was published six months before his death on August 21, 1970, in Ithaca, New York.
Distinguished in many fields of aeronautics, Theodore Paul Wright, Sr. in his unusual career combined the technical contributions of a skilled engineer and scientist with the practical talents of production expert, research manager, university official and government administrator. One of the airplanes whose design he supervised, the Tanager, in 1930 won the prestigious Wright Brothers medal of the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft prize in 1945.
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Theodore Wright, Sr. had become an active member of the Unitarian Church of Ithaca after he moved there. This was his first formal affiliation with a church since childhood.
Theodore Paul Wright, Sr. belonged to numerous organizations, including the Aircraft Resources Control Office, the Aircraft Production Board of the War Production Board and the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.
On December 4, 1918, Theodore P. Wright, Sr. married Margaret McCarl; they had two children.
Sewall Green Wright was an American geneticist, known for his influential work on evolutionary theory and also for his work on path analysis.
Philip Quincy Wright was an American political scientist based at the University of Chicago, known for his pioneering work and expertise in international law and international relations.
