Thomas Horsfield was an American naturalist, and physican.
Background
Horsfield was born on a farm near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1773. He was the son of Timothy and Juliana Sarah (Parsons) Horsfield, and a descendant of Timothy Horsfield, a native of England, who settled in Bethlehem some time before 1756.
Education
Thomas' early schooling was received in the schools of Bethlehem and Nazareth. In the former town he also acquired a knowledge of pharmacy under Dr. Otto. He received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1798. His thesis, An Experimental Dissertation on Rhus Vernix, Rhus Radicans and Rhus Glabrum (1798), published at Philadelphia, is remarkable for its painstaking clinical description of the toxic symptoms of the poisoning produced by sumac and poison ivy, and for the record of well-conceived experiments, carried out upon himself and upon animals, concerning the pharmacological action of this interesting group of poisons. It ranks as a pioneer contribution in the history of experimental pharmacology in America.
Career
In 1799-1800 Horsfield made a trip to Java as ship surgeon on a merchant vessel. The richness of the vegetation there immediately roused his interest, and his attention was drawn to certain drugs, in common use by the natives, which were extracted from local plants. He decided to investigate these substances and went back to Philadelphia in order to obtain books, instruments, and paraphernalia necessary for collecting. "An Account of a Voyage to Batavia in the Year 1800, " by Horsfield, was published in the Philadelphia Medical Museum, vol. I (1805). In 1801 he returned to Java as surgeon in the Dutch colonial army, and remained in the Island for eighteen years, collecting and describing the rich flora which he found on every side. In the prefaces to his various works he tells the story of his collections and travels.
It appears that between 1802 and 1811 his facilities were discouraging and many of his precious specimens decayed owing to inadequate preservation. In the latter part of 1811, however, after the occupancy of the Island by the British, Sir Stamford Raffles, the lieutenant-governor, directed Horsfield to continue his researches for the East India Company. This connection enabled him to pursue his studies on a more elaborate scale. In 1819 he returned to London carrying his enormous collections with him. The East India Company made him curator of their museum, and he remained in this post without interruption from 1820 until his death in 1859. It was during this period that his chief literary activity was carried out. He published five important monographs, the most important, the Plantae Javanicae Rariores (1838 - 52), was a beautifully illustrated work, prepared with the assistance of the botanists Robert Brown and J. J. Bennett; in it 2, 196 species were described, all of which Horsfield had collected himself. His other works, elaborately illustrated and drawn from his Javanese experience, included two catalogues of lepidopterous insects (1828-29, 1857 - 59), a catalogue of mammals (1851), and another of birds (1854) and joint monographs with W. S. Macleary, Annulosa Javanica (1825), and Sir William Jardine, Illustrations of Ornithology (3 vols. , 1826 - 35).
Membership
He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London (1828) and a fellow of the Linnean Society (1820), later becoming a vice-president. [1] Horsfield was appointed assistant secretary of the Zoological Society of London at its formation in 1826. In 1833, he was a founder of what became the Royal Entomological Society of London. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1828.