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(Excerpt from Feeding Experiments With Isolated Food-Subst...)
Excerpt from Feeding Experiments With Isolated Food-Substances The need of roughage to facilitate the normal evacuation of the gut has also been debated. We have, as a general procedure, added the indigestible polysaccharide carbohydrate agar-agar to f ood pastes in order to approximate more nearly the conditions which prevail where cellulose enters into the mixed dietary. It can not be maintained, however, that this is necessary for satisfactory nutrition; for we have maintained animals over a year on foods (cf. Chart XXIX) devoid of indigestible principles, if perhaps an exception be made of some of the inorganic ingredients. It is well known that inorganic salts, notably bone ash, may exert the same influence as cellulose in giving bulk to the faces; and they are of ten so employed in the technique of metabolism experiments at the present time.1' Aside from the proteins, in which our experimental interest has been primarily centered, our attention has been drawn more and more to those components of the diet which are not sources of energy, yet fundamentally indispensable - namely, the inorganic compounds. It is possible that further investigation will compel the inclusion of some of the more vaguely defined and unknown members of the groups spoken of as extractives, lipoids, etc., in this category. Every attempt made by us to approach the solution of the problem Of inorganic salts in the dietary has brought fresh surprises. When Forsteri fed dogs and pigeons on salt-free foods he made the interesting observation that the animals speedily died - more rapidly even than when all food was withheld. He concluded. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
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Thomas burr Osborne was born on Aufust 5, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut, of old New England stock, the grandson of Eli Whitney Blake. His parents were Frances Louisa (Blake) Osborne and Arthur Dimon Osborne, the latter educated as a lawyer and subsequently engaged in banking.
From Yale College Osborne received the degree of B. A. in 1881 and that of Ph. D. in 1885.
During his boyhood and youth he was greatly interested in the study of plants, insects, and birds, of which he collected hundreds of specimens prior to 1880 when he began to be engrossed in the pursuit of chemistry. From Prof. Samuel W. Johnson of the Sheffield Scientific School he received much early inspiration and encouragement toward a career of research. For a time he served as Johnson's assistant. In May 1886 Osborne became a member of the staff of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, where he labored until his retirement in 1928.
The first of the contributions that were destined to bring him recognition as the foremost expert on the proteins of plants was a paper on the oat-kernel published (1891) in the Report of the Experiment Station for 1890. This was followed in the next decade by descriptions of the proteins of no less than thirty-two different seeds. Such proteins were demonstrated to be well-characterized substances worthy of the intensive study of biochemists. This fact was further emphasized when Osborne succeeded in crystallizing many of the seed globulins, thereby rendering carefully purified proteins of definite individuality available for further investigation. Through his own researches on crystalline vegetable globulins, notably the edestin of hempseed, he demonstrated that proteins in general behave towards acids like bases, that they form salts both with acids and with alkalis, and show many evidences of a capacity to undergo electrolytic dissociation and enter into ionic reactions.
Beginning in 1906, with the aid of a number of younger collaborators, Osborne began a series of laborious, carefully executed hydrolytic decompositions of purified proteins that have added greatly to the understanding of their amino acid components. These analyses helped to pave the way for the extensive researches on the nutritive properties or biological value of various proteins which he began in collaboration with Prof. Lafayette B. Mendel of Yale University in 1909. During a period of twenty years of fruitful cooperation in research they published more than a hundred papers in scientific journals. In these were recorded the development of technique for feeding individual small animals with mixtures of somewhat purified foodstuffs - the so-called "synthetic" diets. Among the outstanding contributions were the demonstrations of the unlike "biological value" of different proteins in nutrition and growth.
In the course of these studies came the discovery that butter-fat, egg yolk, cod-liver oil, many green leaves, and other parts of plants and animals contain a substance, soluble in fats, that is an indispensable dietary requisite and has since been designated as vitamin A. Lack of this food factor may lead to the appearance of the eye disorder (xerophthalmia), to the genesis of urinary calculi, and to other pathological manifestations. What was subsequently termed vitamin B was also soon brought into the picture of adequate nutrition. Extensive reports were made of the distribution of various vitamins in natural food products. The phenomena of growth, its suppression and acceleration under various regimens, and the effect of the individual inorganic constituents of the diet received attention.
A detailed catalogue of Osborne's further contributions includes investigations of the wheat plant for which he was the first to receive the Thomas Burr Osborne gold medal founded by the American Association of Cereal Chemists in recognition of his outstanding contributions to cereal chemistry. Appreciation of the fundamental character of his protein investigations came early from Germany, where his paper on the oat-kernel was translated and published by V. Griessmayer in 1897. Osborne's own monograph The Vegetable Proteins, which first appeared in 1909 and was extensively revised in 1924, is a classic in biochemical literature. Somewhat related to the demonstrations of the unlike biological values of the proteins are the investigations of their immunological or anaphylactogenic properties conducted with great success in collaboration with Prof. H. Gideon Wells of the University of Chicago.
Honors came to Osborne from various sources; he was elected a member of many learned societies at home and abroad, including the National Academy of Sciences. During the last seven years of his life he was a research associate in biochemistry in Yale University, a designation of distinction that conferred full professorial rank.
The breadth of his knowledge and interest is revealed by the fact that in addition to his intense scientific activities, recorded in more than 250 papers and monographs, he served for years as a director of the Second National Bank of New Haven, his acumen in financial matters as well as his lively interest in the political questions and economic problems of the day making him well qualified and most acceptable to the directorate.
Osborne together with Mendel discovered Vitamin A and Vitamin B. They established the importance of these vitamins and also lysine and tryptophan in a healthy diet. Thomas Osborne's major works: The Proteids of the Kidney Bean (1894); The Vegetable Proteins (1909); The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel (1912); The Growth of Rats upon Diets of Isolated Food Substances (1916); The Relative Value of Certain Proteins and Protein Content Supplements to Corn Gluten (1917).
(Excerpt from Feeding Experiments With Isolated Food-Subst...)
( This work has been selected by scholars as being cultur...)
Thomas Osborne was a member of the National Academy of Sciences; the American Philosophical Society; an honorary fellow of the London Chemical Society; a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Quotes from others about the person
A biographer has said: "Osborne had no taste for poetry, the drama or noble prose. He was a realist. A love of nature was music and poetry to him. "
One of his scientific associates has pointed out that "few chemists have been privileged to follow the dictates of their interest so long and successfully without the interruptions or distractions that may retard the progress of the devotees of science. " Another intimate colleague described him as "a wholesome clean-minded man, quick, impulsive, generous and broadminded and in all ways companionable. "
On June 23, 1886, Thomas Osborne married Elizabeth Annah Johnson. Two children were born to them.
He was educated as a lawyer and subsequently engaged in banking.
He was a US Representative from Connecticut.
