Education
He received his Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Virginia in 1953.
historian university professor
He received his Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Virginia in 1953.
He was an emeritus professor of history at the University of Pennsylvania and a visiting professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford. He, along with John B. Rae, Carl West. Condit, and Melvin Kranzberg, were responsible for the establishment of the Society for the History of Technology and he was a recipient of its highest honor, the Leonardo da Vinci Meda He contributed to the concepts of technological momentum, technological determinism, large technical systems, social construction of technology, and introduced systems theory into the history of technology.