economist publicist and philosopher
1892-1897 studied at Moscow University.
From 1896 revol work for the Social Democrats. From 1901 member, Moscow Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Committee. 1904 joined Bolsheviks.
Was member, Saint St. Petersburg Russian Social-Democratic Workers ’Party (Bolsheviks) comt, and Editor Board, Party central organization Foreign some time member, Bolshevik Center, which directed the Bolshevik faction from 1907 to 1912. Subsequently quit Bolshevik movement.
Was repeatedly arrested and exiled. During World War I was a moderate ’’internationalist”, contributing to journal Sovremmenik and the newspaper Novaya zhizn’: rejected 1917 October Revol. During Civil War became a nationalist.
Contributed to Menshevik journal Mysl’ and newspaper Nash golos from 1922 worked as economics for State Planning Committee. 1931 imprisoned for belonging to Menshevik organisation. Wrote numerous philosophical works, including Avtoritarmya metafizika i avtonomnaya lichnost’ (Authoritarian Metaphysics and the Autonomous Personality).
Problemy idealizma (Problems of Idealism). Mistitsizm i realizm nashego vremeni (Mysticism and Realism in Our Time), et cetera While criticizing mystic idealism, he advocated idealist positions as propounded by Mach and Avenarius.
His departure from the materialist Weltanschauung found its strongest expression in his open letter to Russian intellectuals entitled ’The Mystical Nature of Patriotism”, in which he dissociated himself from his revol past and advocated atonement and humility. His main economics works were Anarkhicheskiy kommunizm i marksizm (Anarchic Communism and Marxism). Na put! k sotsializmu (On the Path to Socialism).
And Kapitalisticheskiye tsikly i vostanovitel’nyy protsess khozyaystva USSR (Capitalist Cycles and the Restorative Process of the Soviet Economy). Also wrote numerous articles on economics and finance. Company-translated Marx’s "Capital”.
Religions convince people that the source of their misery lies in the inherent and unchangeable "sinfulness" of humanity rather than in the forms of social organization and institutions.
One day the Soviet Union will build a communist system with equal access of everybody to national wealth.